Publications

@article{ZINEFILALI2024143607,

title = {Measurement reproducibility and Storage impact on VOC/SVOC Emission Rate from Decorative Materials},

author = {Nouha ZINE FILALI and Tamara BRAISH and Yves ANDRES and Nadine LOCOGE},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653524025074},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143607},

issn = {0045-6535},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Chemosphere},

pages = {143607},

abstract = {Building materials are the major sources of Volatile and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) in indoor air. Measurements of emission rates of these compounds are likely to be influenced by variation in certain environmental factors resulting in intra-specimen variability. This study aims to (i) evaluate the reproducibility of measurements between specimens and (ii) evaluate the impact of storage on VOC and SVOC emissions from antifungal acrylic paint (applied on polyester-cellulose). For this purpose, 15 discs of tested materials (1.63 ± 0.04 g) were prepared. From these, the emissions rates (ER) of 5 samples were analyzed simultaneously during three measurement campaigns (October 2021, January 2022 and March 2022). Between each campaign, specimens were stored in the dark at ambient temperature (25 ± 4 °C) and relative humidity (50 ± 20 %). Measurements were performed using the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) and characterized by gas chromatography (TD-GC-MS/FID) and liquid chromatography (HPLC). Intra-specimen reproducibility was assessed by comparing 5 ER of different specimens collected simultaneously. The impact of storage was evaluated by comparing the average VOC/SVOC ER between each campaign. The results show, concerning the reproducibility of the measurements, that the first measurement campaign provides ER with high variability (10 – 36 %) compared to the second and third measurement campaigns, which show lower intra-specimen variability (5 – 24 % and 8 – 20 % respectively). However, weakly emitted compounds (ER < 10 μg m-2 h-1) such as aromatics and aldehydes show large variabilities (6 – 100 % of variation) in all measurement campaigns. Regarding the effect of the 5-months storage a significant decrease in the ER of individual VOC/SVOCs (37 – 85 %) and of TVOCs (74 %) was noted, except for aldehydes, aromatic hydrocarbons, isopropylacetone and vinyl crotonate, which showed a stability or eventual increase (up to 100 %) in the ER over time, depending on the type of emitted compound.},

keywords = {aging process, Building materials, Indoor air quality, reproducibility, storage, VOC/SVOC emissions},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{app14114620,

title = {Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Heritage Environments and Their Analysis: A Review},

author = {Emma Paolin and Matija Strlič},

url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/11/4620},

doi = {10.3390/app14114620},

issn = {2076-3417},

year  = {2024},

date = {2024-01-01},

journal = {Applied Sciences},

volume = {14},

number = {11},

abstract = {In the recent years, there has been an increased interest in indoor air quality in heritage environments, specifically in relation to volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These could originate from objects, furnishings, visitors and staff, as well as from olfactory exhibitions. This interest led to a number of studies investigating the “typical” emissions for diverse materials and their impact on the surrounding environment. The analysis of volatile compounds emitted by objects helps in the characterization of the material composition, its conservation history or its degradation processes. This contribution reviews how volatiles are emitted from objects and the commonly used sampling techniques for heritage science applications. A variety of methods are available, from bulk air sample collection to preconcentration using samplers. The commonly studied object types contributing to indoor VOCs are discussed. These include emissions from heritage objects, conservation products, furnishing materials and display cases. Furthermore, olfactory exhibitions are discussed in terms of indoor air quality. Finally, the findings are compared with the current guidelines on indoor volatile concentrations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Brun2023,

title = {Uptake and reactivity of formaldehyde on lime-cement-plaster under typical indoor air conditions},

author = {Raphaël Brun and Marie Verriele and Manolis N Romanias and Marion Chenal and Arnaud Soisson and Wolfram Maier and Frédéric Thevenet},

url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132322011787},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109948},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {229},

pages = {109948},

abstract = {Inorganic construction materials are chiefly envisaged as structural materials. However, they provide unexplored interfaces with characteristic surface chemistry to interact with indoor gases. This work proposes for the first time an insight on uptake abilities of lime-cement-plaster toward indoor pollutant. Because of toxicity and regulation policies, formaldehyde is selected as representative indoor pollutant. This work explores gas-material interaction to elucidate fate of formaldehyde onto lime-cement-plaster and addresses air quality impact. Uptake and fate of formaldehyde onto plaster is addressed using Field and Laboratory Emission Cell coupled with SIFT Mass Spectrometer. The experimental sequence is continuously deployed on 90 days to address realistic and long-term behaviour of formaldehyde uptake. Experimental approach evidences that from 65 to 77% of formaldehyde inlet concentration is continuously taken up on plaster samples throughout experimental sequence. Concomitantly, methanol is observed showing the reactivity of formaldehyde uptake on this material-class. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy evidences that formaldehyde undergoes heterogeneous Cannizzaro reaction on the plaster surface. This surface reaction proceeds with adsorbed formaldehyde, even in the absence of gaseous pollutant supply. The quantitative balance of the disproportionation process is proposed along the experimental sequence to clarify the fate of formaldehyde encompassing gaseous and adsorbed-phase. The evidenced surface process can impact formaldehyde budget in indoor air, thus relevant parameters are determined to allow further implementation of this reactive contribution to indoor air quality models. This work settles perspectives for passive mitigation of indoor formaldehyde, and points at the need to address reaction products for their indoor air quality impact.},

keywords = {Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality, Lime-cement plaster, Methanol, Reactive uptake},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Braish2023,

title = {Evaluation of the seasonal variation of VOC surface emissions and indoor air concentrations in a public building with bio-based insulation},

author = {Tamara Braish and Liselotte Tinel and Laurence Depelchin and Vincent Gaudion and Yves Andres and Cécile Caudron and Emmanuel Antczak and Franck Brachelet and Nadine Locoge},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2023.110312},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {238},

pages = {110312},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {The use of bio-based insulation materials is widely spreading in buildings. Due to their organic load, they can be an important source of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). This study is among the first that evaluates the spatial and seasonal in-field VOC surface emissions from bio-based and conventional building structures as a whole, in a French public building insulated with wood wool. In addition to surface emissions, measurements of VOC concentrations in indoor air were taken. Results showed that a spatial difference (up to 5 times) in VOC emissions was observed due to the inhomogeneity of the surface. Moreover, the cardinal orientation of building structures with the same constitution induced a difference (up to a factor 30) in emission rates due to the exposure to different hygrothermal conditions. The variation in temperature and relative humidity between seasons led to higher summer VOC emissions and indoor air concentrations. In addition, indoor VOC concentrations were shown to be higher at night compared to daytime due to the decreased ventilation rate. Furthermore, an interesting approach was developed in this study to have a primary overview of the impact of surface emissions on indoor VOC levels. Results confirmed that the three bio-based walls have no significant specific VOC emissions at high rates compared to the floor and the ceiling. Bio-based insulations showed no impact on microbial indoor air concentrations during the two seasons. Moreover, no detected VOCs could be attributed to microbial development as they were also emitted from building materials.},

keywords = {Bio-based insulations, In-field emissions, Indoor air, Seasonal campaigns, VOC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Bu2023,

title = {Predicting the fate and transport of indoor DEHP considering their interaction with particles under different ventilation modes},

author = {Subei Bu and Yanling Wang and Haiyan Wang and Fang Wang and Yufei Tan},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2023.112982},

issn = {0378-7788},

year  = {2023},

date = {2023-01-01},

journal = {Energy and Buildings},

volume = {287},

pages = {112982},

publisher = {Elsevier},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Polymer Membranes for Enthalpy Exchangers},

author = {Kamil Križo and Andrej Kapjor and Michal Holubčík},

doi = {10.3390/en15166021},

issn = {19961073},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Energies},

volume = {15},

issue = {16},

abstract = {A membrane-based enthalpy exchanger is a device used for heat and humidity recovery in ventilated buildings. The energy-saving potential of such a device is dependent on the parameters responsible for heat and moisture recovery. The trend is toward composite membranes, which are custom produced, and their parameters can be adjusted for a given application; therefore, the diffusion and sorption characteristics of such membranes are unknown. In order to obtain the values of the water vapor diffusivity of three investigated handmade membranes, a serial resistance model using a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) is proposed. Experiments were conducted to identify the resistance in each step of the moisture transfer process to extract the moisture diffusivity in the membranes. The calculated moisture diffusivities in the membranes were 8.99 × 10−12 (m2/s) for the membranes from cellulose acetate, 1.9 × 10−10 (m2/s) for the microporous PE/PUR membranes, and 1.53 × 10−11 (m2/s) for the PET/PUR microfibrous membranes. The obtained membrane diffusivities were then used in the proposed effectiveness-NTU-based model of an exchanger with a cross-flow arrangement to predict performance under various operating conditions. The results show that the highest latent effectiveness was found for the exchanger core made from the PE/PUR membrane and the lowest was for the one with the PE/PUR membrane core.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Analysis of indoor air emissions: From building materials to biogenic and anthropogenic activities},

author = {Jose Ruiz-Jimenez and Ilmari Heiskanen and Ville Tanskanen and Kari Hartonen and Marja Liisa Riekkola},

doi = {10.1016/J.JCOA.2022.100041},

issn = {2772-3917},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Journal of Chromatography Open},

volume = {2},

pages = {100041},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {There is a clear relationship between indoor air quality, gaseous compounds (volatile and semi-volatile) and particles emitted by building materials, biogenic and anthropogenic activities, and human health. An increased interest in indoor air quality and emissions has raised during recent years. Nowadays, it is possible to find several analytical approaches based on a wide variety of sampling and analytical techniques. The main objective of this review is to clarify the different options available for the analyst by a critical evaluation of the different steps involved in these methods. In this way, a clear description and evaluation of the potential advantages and shortcomings for the different devices required in materials emission studies, the collection of total air samples using air canisters and particles by vacuum surface have been included in this review. In addition, the potential use of active and passive sampling techniques, for the efficient collection of different compounds from the air samples is described. Then, the selection of the most adequate analytical approach for the analysis of different compounds as a function of their physicochemical properties is evaluated. The latter will include not only traditional approaches such as gas or liquid chromatography but also more sophisticated ones such as proton transfer reaction or chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Finally, the application of these different analytical approaches to the evaluation of indoor air emissions, mainly from biogenic and anthropogenic activities but also from different building materials, are introduced.},

keywords = {Anthropogenic and biogenic activities, Building materials, Emission measurements, Indoor air quality, Sampling systems},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Wang2022,

title = {Measurement methods and impact factors for the key parameters of VOC/SVOC emissions from materials in indoor and vehicular environments: A review},

author = {Haimei Wang and Jianyin Xiong and Wenjuan Wei},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENVINT.2022.107451},

issn = {0160-4120},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Environment International},

volume = {168},

pages = {107451},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor building and vehicle cabin materials can adversely affect human health. Many mechanistic models to predict the VOC/SVOC emission characteristics have been proposed. Nowadays, the main obstacle to accurate model prediction is the availability and reliability of the physical parameters used in the model, such as the initial emittable concentration, the diffusion coefficient, the partition coefficient, and the gas-phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface. The purpose of this work is to review the existing methods for measuring the key parameters of VOCs/SVOCs from materials in both indoor and vehicular environments. The pros and cons of these methods are analyzed, and the available datasets found in the literature are summarized. Some methods can determine one single key parameter, while other methods can determine two or three key parameters simultaneously. The impacts of multiple factors (temperature, relative humidity, loading ratio, and air change rate) on VOC/SVOC emission behaviors are discussed. The existing measurement methods span very large spatial and time scales: the spatial scale varies from micro to macro dimensions; and the time scale in chamber tests varies from several hours to one month for VOCs, and may even span years for SVOCs. Based on the key parameters, a pre-assessment approach for indoor and vehicular air quality is introduced in this review. The approach uses the key parameters for different material combinations to pre-assess the VOC/SVOC concentrations or human exposure levels during the design stage of buildings or vehicles, which can assist designers to select appropriate materials and achieve effective source control.},

keywords = {Indoor and vehicular air quality (IVAQ), Measurement, Pre-assessment, Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), temperature, Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{nokey,

title = {Biocomposites from recycled resources as candidates for laboratory reference material to validate analytical tools used in organic compounds emissions investigation},

author = {Mariusz Marć and Małgorzata Rutkowska and Aleksander Hejna and Mateusz Barczewski},

doi = {10.1016/J.BUILDENV.2022.109259},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {219},

pages = {109259},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {A suitably chosen reference material should meet specific criteria like representing one of the compound classes most commonly occurring in indoor materials as well as having optimal long-term stability during storage and transport to its destination point and having a compact size. The described interdisciplinary pilot research was aimed to develop and characterize a polymer-based candidate for the laboratory reference material (LRM) of selected representatives of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (toluene and furfural) and terpenes emissions. Recycled, petroleum-based low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was applied as a matrix and was filled with plant-based wastes, such as apple pomace (AP), sunflower husks (SH), or yerba mate (YM) residues. The performance and suitability of the developed candidate for use as laboratory reference material was analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The migration potential of the representatives of monoaromatic hydrocarbons and terpenes emitted from the developed polymer material was assessed using the stationary emission microchamber system (μ-CTE 250). In the case of candidates for LRM with the addition of YM and AP, a clear relationship was observed between the samples seasoning time in the chamber and the total amount of VOCs released into the gaseous phase, including identified and determined representatives of terpenes. Furthermore, the existence of a clear relationship between the size (intensity) of the emission defined by the calculated summary parameters (TVOCs and sum of terpenes) and the seasoning/conditioning temperature of polymeric materials with bioadditives was observed.},

keywords = {Bioadditives, Emissions, Indoor materials, Product emissions testing, Reference material, Terpenes},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Salthammer2022,

title = {TVOC - Revisited},

author = {Tunga Salthammer},

doi = {10.1016/J.ENVINT.2022.107440},

issn = {0160-4120},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Environment International},

volume = {167},

pages = {107440},

publisher = {Pergamon},

abstract = {Background: TVOC (total volatile organic compounds) has been used as a sum parameter in indoor air sciences for over 40 years. In the beginning, individual VOC concentrations determined by gas chromatography were simply added together. However, several methods for calculating TVOC have become established over time. Methods: To understand the manifold definitions of TVOC, one must trace the history of indoor air sciences and analytical chemistry. Therefore, in this work, the original approaches of TVOC are searched and explained. A detailed description of the measurement methods is followed by a critical evaluation of the various TVOC values and their possible applications. The aim is to give the reader a deeper understanding of TVOC in order to use this parameter correctly and to be able to better assess published results. In addition, related sum values such as TSVOC and TVVOC are also addressed. Results: A milestone was the analytical definition of VOCs and TVOC in 1997. A list of VOCs that should at least be considered when calculating TVOC was also provided. This list represented the status at that time, is no longer up-to-date and is being updated by a European working group as part of a harmonization process. However, there is still confusion about the exact definition and reasonable application of TVOC. The signals of other sum parameters, measured with photoacoustics, flame ionization, photoionization or electrochemical sensors, are also often given under the term TVOC. Conclusions: It was recognized early that TVOC is not a toxicologically based parameter and is therefore only suitable for a limited number of screening purposes. Consequently, TVOC cannot be used in connection with health-related and odor-related issues. Nevertheless, such references are repeatedly made, which has led to controversial scientific discussions and even court decisions in Germany about the correct and improper use of TVOC.},

keywords = {Health related assessment, Photoacoustics, Photoionization, Screening of IAQ, Sum values, Toluene equivalents},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Halios2022,

title = {Chemicals in European residences – Part I: A review of emissions, concentrations and health effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)},

author = {Christos H. Halios and Charlotte Landeg-Cox and Scott D. Lowther and Alice Middleton and Tim Marczylo and Sani Dimitroulopoulou},

doi = {10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2022.156201},

issn = {0048-9697},

year  = {2022},

date = {2022-01-01},

journal = {Science of The Total Environment},

volume = {839},

pages = {156201},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {One of the more important classes of potentially toxic indoor air chemicals are the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). However, due to a limited understanding of the relationships between indoor concentrations of individual VOCs and health outcomes, there are currently no universal health-based guideline values for VOCs within Europe including the UK. In this study, a systematic search was conducted designed to capture evidence on concentrations, emissions from indoor sources, and health effects for VOCs measured in European residences. We identified 65 individual VOCs, and the most commonly measured were aromatic hydrocarbons (14 chemicals), alkane hydrocarbons (9), aldehydes (8), aliphatic hydrocarbons (5), terpenes (6), chlorinated hydrocarbons (4), glycol and glycol ethers (3) and esters (2). The pathway of interest was inhalation and 8 individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes were associated with respiratory health effects. Members of the chlorinated hydrocarbon family were associated with cardiovascular neurological and carcinogenic health effects and some were irritants as were esters and terpenes. Eight individual aromatic hydrocarbons, 7 alkanes and 6 aldehydes identified in European residences were associated with respiratory health effects. Of the 65 individual VOCs, 52 were from sources associated with building and construction materials (e.g. brick, wood products, adhesives and materials for flooring installation etc.), 41 were linked with consumer products (passive, electric and combustible air fresheners, hair sprays, deodorants) and 9 VOCs were associated with space heating, which may reflect the relatively small number of studies discussing emissions from this category of sources. A clear decrease in concentrations of formaldehyde was observed over the last few years, whilst acetone was found to be one of the most abundant but underreported species. A new approach based on the operational indoor air quality surveillance will both reveal trends in known VOCs and identify new compounds.},

keywords = {Emissions, European residences, Health effects, indoor, VOCs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Yadav2021,

title = {Establishing a screening system of indoor air pollutants using mems sensor to create internet of things sensing platform},

author = {Rina Yadav and Cheng Chen Chen and Chia Yen Lee and Nien Tsu Chen},

doi = {10.18494/SAM.2021.3273},

issn = {09144935},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Sensors and Materials},

volume = {33},

issue = {7},

abstract = {Recently, research has established a screening system comprising a combination of two technologies, the MEMS sensor and the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), to perform experiments. The aim of our study was to establish MEMS sensor field emission cell technology (MS-FECT) to measure the changes in the pollutant concentration of field emission cells. A building material emission database was created via an Internet of Things (IoT) in order to develop a MEMS sensor field emission modeling platform. On the basis of information of the building material emission database and decay models, the MS-FECT, IoT, indoor positioning system (Beacon), and cloud database are integrated in this system. The source of pollution was determined by sensing and data analysis to create a multidimensional map of pollution sources to determine air quality in order to monitor the location of pollutants and flow conditions in the long term to change the indoor air quality efficiently. Moreover, the results of this study will be helpful in house interior design, the maintenance of residents' health, and the reduction of carcinogenic threats.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Thevenet2021,

title = {The indoor fate of terpenes: Quantification of the limonene uptake by materials},

author = {F. Thevenet and M. Verriele and P. Harb and S. Thlaijeh and R. Brun and M. Nicolas and S. Angulo-Milhem},

doi = {10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107433},

issn = {03601323},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {188},

abstract = {Beyond their indoor emission by various sources, another aspect of the presence of VOCs in confined environments involves their indoor fate. Terpenes, because of their ubiquity, source variety and reactivity, are VOCs whose contributions to the indoor air quality may largely exceed primary emissions because of possible secondary processes such uptake and secondary emissions. Limonene is flagged as a species typifying the behavior of terpenes, and a selection of representative indoor materials is proposed. Limonene uptake characterization of selected surfaces is performed under typical indoor conditions using a FLEC-based experimental setup allowing (i) limonene partitioning coefficient determination and (ii) quantification of the reversible nature of this interaction. Interestingly, the materials of interest exhibit highly differentiated affinities for limonene, evidencing the contrast in their surface contributions to terpene loss. Glazing is confirmed as a non-significant sink, while cotton fabric and gypsum board are major contributors to limonene surface loss and exhibit high surface uptake capacities. This work allows a quantitative ranking of the selected materials from minor to major limonene sinks. Reversibility quantification of the uptake process provides key insights into further secondary limonene emissions. The major sink materials are highlighted such as inducing irreversible limonene uptake, thus creating indoor surface pools of reactive organics possibly available for further oxidation processes.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Plaisance2021,

title = {Assessment of gas-phase concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants at the material surface using a midget emission cell coupled to solid-phase microextraction},

author = {Herve Plaisance and Mylene Ghislain and Valerie Desauziers},

doi = {10.1016/J.ACA.2021.339100},

issn = {0003-2670},

year  = {2021},

date = {2021-01-01},

journal = {Analytica Chimica Acta},

volume = {1186},

pages = {339100},

publisher = {Elsevier},

abstract = {Actual methods for on-site measurement of gaseous concentrations of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) at the material surface (y0) are not yet sufficiently developed mainly due to sampling difficulties. These concentrations are the key data to improve knowledge about indoor sources and human exposure to SVOCs. To the end, a specific emission cell coupled to solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was developed. The main challenge with this method is calibration because of very low volatility of SVOCs and static sampling mode. In this study, a generating system of organophosphate flame retardants (OFRs) using polyurethane foam as source combined with an active sampling method with Tenax tubes was proposed as a novel calibration device for SPME-based method. The generating system delivered stable OFR concentrations after 190 h of operation with a variation not exceeding ±5%. It allowed to obtain robust calibrations for tris-(2-chloropropyl)-phosphate (TCPP) and tri-butyl-phosphate (TBP) measured with the emission cell coupled to SPME-based method, define the optimal sampling requirements and achieve reproducible and accurate measurements of y0 at μg.m−3 level. TCPP and TBP gas-phase concentrations at the polyurethane foam surface (y0) were followed up over more 228 days under controlled temperature conditions. A high stability of these concentrations was observed showing that polyurethane foam acts as a stable and continuous source of organophosphate flame retardants indoors. This novel method should be useful for assessing the dynamic of emissions from indoor sources and potential exposure to SVOCs in indoor environments.},

keywords = {Gas-phase SVOCs generation System, Indoor air quality, Material emission, Organophosphate flame retardants, Polyurethane foams},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Leivo2019,

title = {Deterioration of PVC flooring due alkaline moisture},

author = {Virpi Leivo and E Sarlin and J. Sonketo and J. Pikkuvirta and M Pentti},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {ISES ISIAQ Joint annual meeting},

abstract = {Dispute constant development towards low-emission or emission free materials and special guidelines to control moisture during construction processes, there are still a lot of moisture and indoor air problems associated with glued PVC floorings in Finland. Concrete as alkaline (pH ~12.5) and moist material can cause deterioration of PVC floor coverings and adhesives through alkaline hydrolysis. Alkaline hydrolysis has been mainly tried to prevent installing PVC floor coverings above ”dry-enough” concrete and by using self-levelling low-alkali (pH ~11…11.5) screeds between concrete and floor covering. However, it is not known how the low-alkali screeds protect the floor coverings if the concrete humidity increases. The objective of the current research was to investigate deterioration processes and related active factors. Screed, adhesive and PVC floor covering combinations have been varied using different floor covering conditions (relative humidity of concrete) in laboratory test series. VOCemissions have been analysed from material samples (Bulk-VOC, where samples were collected into Tenax-tube using Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor and then analysed by TD-GC-MSD) and from surface emission samples (FLEC-VOC, ISO 16000-10). The deterioration was noticed earlier in the material samples, as the emission products of adhesive or floor covering must first emit through PVC floor covering into surface in order to be perceived in FLEC-sampling. The surface emission values were converted into indoor air concentration of European reference room. According to the results, 5 mm layer of low-alkali screed will effectively protect against alkaline hydrolysis. The difference was significant, especially in material samples covered in relative low moisture conditions (RH85%): TVOC of sample without screed was 1900 ug/m3 g (Bulk) and 50 ug/m2 h (FLEC) and with low-alkali screed 270 ug/m3 g (Bulk) and <20 ug/m2 h (FLEC), respectively. Protection effect of low-alkali screed weakened in higher covering conditions (RH93%).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Castagnoli2019,

title = {Emissions of DEHP-free PVC flooring},

author = {Emmanuelle Castagnoli and Peter Backlund and Oskari Talvitie and Tapani Tuomi and Arja Valtanen and Raimo Mikkola and Hanna Hovi and Katri Leino and Jarek Kurnitski and Heidi Salonen},

doi = {10.1111/ina.12591},

issn = {16000668},

year  = {2019},

date = {2019-01-01},

journal = {Indoor Air},

volume = {29},

issue = {6},

abstract = {Degrading 2-ethylhexyl-containing PVC floorings (eg DEHP-PVC floorings) and adhesives emit 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) in the indoor air. The danger of flooring degradation comes from exposing occupants to harmful phthalates plasticisers (eg DEHP), but not from 2-EH as such. Since the EU banned the use of phthalates in sensitive applications, the market is shifting to use DEHP-free and alternative types of plasticisers in PVC products. However, data on emissions from DEHP-free PVC floorings are scarce. This study aimed at assessing the surface and bulk emissions of two DEHP-free PVC floorings over three years. The floorings were glued on the screed layer of concrete casts at 75%, 85%, and 95% RH. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were actively sampled using FLEC (surface emissions) and micro-chamber/thermal extractor (µ-CTE, bulk emissions) onto Tenax TA adsorbents and analyzed with TD-GC-MS. 2-EH, C9-alcohols, and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions are reported. Emissions at 75% and 85% RH were similar. As expected, the highest emissions occurred at 95% RH. 2-EH emissions originated from the adhesive. Because the two DEHP-free floorings tested emitted C9-alcohols at all tested RH, it makes the detection of flooring degradation harder, particularly if the adhesive used does not emit 2-EH.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{WEI2018223,

title = {Influence of indoor environmental factors on mass transfer parameters and concentrations of semi-volatile organic compounds},

author = {Wenjuan Wei and Corinne Mandin and Olivier Ramalho},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653517320428},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.072},

issn = {0045-6535},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Chemosphere},

volume = {195},

pages = {223 - 235},

abstract = {Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor environments can partition among the gas phase, airborne particles, settled dust, and available surfaces. The mass transfer parameters of SVOCs, such as the mass transfer coefficient and the partition coefficient, are influenced by indoor environmental factors. Subsequently, indoor SVOC concentrations and thus occupant exposure can vary depending on environmental factors. In this review, the influence of six environmental factors, i.e., indoor temperature, humidity, ventilation, airborne particle concentration, source loading factor, and reactive chemistry, on the mass transfer parameters and indoor concentrations of SVOCs was analyzed and tentatively quantified. The results show that all mass transfer parameters vary depending on environmental factors. These variations are mostly characterized by empirical equations, particularly for humidity. Theoretical calculations of these parameters based on mass transfer mechanisms are available only for the emission of SVOCs from source surfaces when airborne particles are not present. All mass transfer parameters depend on the temperature. Humidity influences the partition of SVOCs among different phases and is associated with phthalate hydrolysis. Ventilation has a combined effect with the airborne particle concentration on SVOC emission and their mass transfer among different phases. Indoor chemical reactions can produce or eliminate SVOCs slowly. To better model the dynamic SVOC concentration indoors, the present review suggests studying the combined effect of environmental factors in real indoor environments. Moreover, interactions between indoor environmental factors and human activities and their influence on SVOC mass transfer processes should be considered.},

keywords = {Emission, Mass transfer, Modeling, Partition, SVOCs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KASHYAP2018817,

title = {Concentration and factors affecting the distribution of phthalates in the air and dust: A global scenario},

author = {Durba Kashyap and Tripti Agarwal},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969718313330},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.158},

issn = {0048-9697},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Science of The Total Environment},

volume = {635},

pages = {817 - 827},

abstract = {Phthalates are ubiquitously present environmental contaminants. Air and dust are the most important mediums of exposure to phthalates. The present study reviews the presence of phthalates in the air and dust reported from different countries in the last ten years (2007–2017). The phthalate concentrations revealed wide heterogeneity with a mean and median value 6 ± 19 μg/m3 and 0.5 μg/m3 respectively in the air and 1.5 × 103 ± 2.2 × 103 μg/g and 7.8x102μg/g respectively in the dust. The highest phthalates levels in the air were reported from India (1.1 × 102 μg/m3) and in dust from Bulgaria (1.2 × 104 μg/g). Overall higher levels were reported from developing countries as compared to developed countries. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and Di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) were found to be predominant in both air and dust. Temperature, humidity, air exchange rate, building material and indoor maintenance were reported as the important factors influencing the levels of phthalates in the air and dust. In addition to policy level interventions, reducing the use of phthalate containing materials and controlling the factors which enhance the emission from existing sources can help in reducing human exposure to phthalates.},

keywords = {DBP, DEHP, Indoor pollution, Plasticizer, PVC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{THEVENET2018138,

title = {VOC uptakes on gypsum boards: Sorption performances and impact on indoor air quality},

author = {F Thevenet and O Debono and M Rizk and F Caron and M Verriele and N Locoge},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132318302154},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.011},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {137},

pages = {138 - 146},

abstract = {Indoor air pollution requires the development of various approaches to reduce the concentration of VOCs. Beyond the optimization of ventilation and the reduction of pollutant sources, building materials with sorptive properties are currently examined as possible VOC remediation processes. The potentialities and the effectiveness of sorptive building materials still require detailed and reliable assessments. Thus, the objective of this paper relies in the development of a methodology to determine VOC partitioning coefficients on two sorptive building materials, in comparison with a non-sorptive one, using two contrasted model VOCs, namely toluene and formaldehyde, under different environmental indoor conditions. This approach aims at comparing the different materials and estimating their lifetimes regarding VOC uptake under realistic indoor conditions. After exposing the experimental methodology, uptakes of toluene and formaldehyde are investigated on the three selected gypsum boards. The determination of respective partitioning coefficients enlightens the contrasted behaviours of boards depending on (i) the presence or absence of sorptive agent in their formulation, (ii) the nature of the sorptive agent used, (iii) the structure of the model VOC, (iv) the paper layer on board and (v) the relative humidity. Based on obtained experimental results, the lifetimes of boards are evaluated for each VOC. Results evidence that improvements still have to be achieved to enhance the significance of sorptive gypsum board on indoor air quality. Nevertheless, reliable methodologies are now available to assess the behavior of these materials in indoor environment and to help their effective optimization.},

keywords = {Adsorption, Building materials, Gypsum boards, Indoor air quality, VOC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{SALTHAMMER2018,

title = {Data on formaldehyde sources, formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates in European housings},

author = {Tunga Salthammer},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918314896},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.096},

issn = {2352-3409},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Data in Brief},

abstract = {Formaldehyde has been discussed as a typical indoor pollutant for decades. To evaluate the current state-of-the-art in formaldehyde research and to identify the plethora of regulated and unregulated formaldehyde sources in indoor and outdoor spaces, an extensive literature search was carried out. The acquired data were analyzed with the aid of Monte-Carlo methods to calculate realistic formaldehyde concentration profiles and exposure scenarios under consideration of aging, source/sink behavior and diffusion effects. Average concentrations of formaldehyde are within 20–30 µg/m³ for European households under residential-typical conditions. The assumption of an average air exchange rate of 0.5 h−1 is also plausible. Formaldehyde emission rates of materials and products for indoor use are widely spread and range from non-detectable to > 1000 µg/h. However, processes like combustion, cleaning activities, operation of air purifiers and indoor chemistry were identified as temporary but relevant formaldehyde sources, which might cause high peak concentrations.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rizk2018,

title = {Impact of material emissions and sorption of volatile organic compounds on indoor air quality in a low energy building: Field measurements and modeling},

author = {Malak Rizk and Fangfang Guo and Marie Verriele and Michael Ward and Sebastien Dusanter and Nadège Blond and Nadine Locoge and Coralie Schoemaecker},

doi = {10.1111/ina.12493},

issn = {16000668},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Indoor Air},

volume = {28},

issue = {6},

abstract = {The assessment of VOC emission rates and sorption coefficients was performed for ten surfaces present within a classroom, using field and laboratory emission cells (FLEC) coupled to online and off-line VOC quantification techniques. A total of 21 identified VOCs were emitted by the different surfaces. VOC emission rates measured using PTR-ToF-MS were compared to gas chromatographic measurements. The results showed that the two methods are complementary to one another. Sorption parameters were also successfully measured for a mixture of 14 VOCs within a few hours (<17 hours per surface). A study of the spatial and temporal variability of the measured parameters was also carried out on the two surfaces that presented the most potential for interaction with VOCs, accounting for the largest surface areas within the room. The dataset of emission rates and sorption parameters was used in the INCA-Indoor model to predict indoor air concentrations of VOCs that are compared to experimental values measured in the room. Modeling results showed that sorption processes had a limited effect on indoor concentrations of VOCs for these field campaigns. Modeled daily profiles show good agreement with the experimental observations for VOCs such as toluene (indoor source) and xylenes (outdoor source) but underestimate concentrations of methanol (both indoor and outdoor sources).},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{MAO2018180,

title = {Numerical investigation of SVOC mass transport in a tube by an axisymmetric lattice Boltzmann method},

author = {Yun-Feng Mao and Zhuo Li and Yu-Tong Mu and Ya-Ling He and Wen-Quan Tao},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132317305267},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.019},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2018},

date = {2018-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {128},

pages = {180 - 189},

abstract = {This paper presents an adsorption boundary condition based on linear adsorption isotherm for Lattice Boltzmann (LB) model. An axisymmetric 2-D LB model is built for an axisymmetric device. The model is used to study the effects of surface adsorption and airflow on SVOC mass transport in the device. In terms of surface adsorption, the research is divided in two parts: pure diffusion and convection-diffusion. The results show that the simulated data based on the presented adsorption boundary agree well with experimental data. In both the pure diffusion and advection-diffusion process, surface adsorption has no impact on the steady-state concentration, but it affects the time to reach steady state. Airflow greatly reduces both the time to reach steady state and the steady-state concentration. An exponential relationship involving hm, ACH and velocity is proposed and verified experimentally. Discussion on the parameter n in the exponential relation is conducted.},

keywords = {Adsorption boundary condition, Airflow, Axisymmetric model, Lattice Boltzmann method, Semi-volatile organic compounds},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{PEI2017339,

title = {Time dependence of characteristic parameter for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from indoor materials},

author = {Jingjing Pei and Yihui Yin and Jianping Cao and Yahong Sun and Junjie Liu and Yinping Zhang},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132317304067},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.08.052},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {125},

pages = {339 - 347},

abstract = {Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are widely used in various indoor materials and their adverse health effects have been increasingly recognized. The gas-phase SVOC concentration in equilibrium with the source material (y0), as a characteristic parameter for SVOC sources, is mostly assumed to be constant in previous studies. However, decreases in y0 with time have been observed in some studies. As a first step to reveal the mechanism behind the phenomenon, this study quantitatively investigated the variation of y0 over time under two conditions: natural exposure to outdoor ambient (Case 1), and storage in a controlled ventilated chamber (Case 2). Three phthalates (Di-iso-butyl Phthalate (DiBP), Di-n-butyl Phthalate (DnBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) emitted from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) floorings and one flame retardant (tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, TCPP) emitted from polyurethane foam (PUF) were targeted. Experimental results indicated that, for SVOCs with higher volatility, i.e., DiBP, DnBP, and TCPP, y0 decreased 16%–49% after 60 days' exposure for Case 1; and 16%–36% for Case 2. For SVOCs with lower volatility, i.e., DEHP, no significant decrease in y0 was observed after 60 days in both cases; while if prolonging the time to about 1.5 years, a decrease of 38% was observed. Discussion about potential reasons for the decrease of y0 was presented. The results obtained here provide a further understanding about SVOC source characteristics and therefore help providing source strength for estimating indoor SVOC health exposure.},

keywords = {Emission characteristic, Flame retardants, Indoor air quality, SVOC source, Vapor pressure},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{MARC2017297,

title = {Problems and challenges associated with estimating the emissions of organic compounds from indoor materials},

author = {Mariusz Marć},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993617303163},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2017.09.022},

issn = {0165-9936},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},

volume = {97},

pages = {297 - 308},

abstract = {For several years intensive research has been carried out with the aim of developing a database of the types and amounts of pollutants released from indoor materials to the indoor environment. The paper discusses in detail basic problems and challenges encountered when estimating the emissions of chemical compounds released from of indoor materials. Factors affecting the validity of data obtained by using two different types of analytical devices operating in a dynamic mode (the ex-situ methods) or passive mode (the in-situ methods) for collecting the analytes samples from the gaseous phase were discussed. The main advantages and important limitations of specific analytical devices and aspects of the morphology of the studied indoor material that may influence the type and amount of chemical compounds released into the air were also highlighted. Attention has also been drawn to challenges encountered when developing candidate reference materials dedicated for measuring emissions from indoor matrices.},

keywords = {Emission test chambers, Emissions, Indoor materials, Passive flux samplers, Small-scale passive emission chambers},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{CUI20171874,

title = {Investigation on a combined air treatment process for air-conditioning system},

author = {X Cui and B Mohan and M R Islam and S K Chou and K J Chua},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217363348},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.578},

issn = {1876-6102},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Energy Procedia},

volume = {142},

pages = {1874 - 1879},

abstract = {The present study introduces an air treatment system (ATS) for improving indoor air quality and reducing the energy consumption of air-conditioning system. The ATS has been proposed to combine three sub-systems, namely, (i) energy-efficient oxygen production sub-system, (ii) ozone-based oxidation treatment sub-system, and (iii) air scrubbing sub-system. Experimental setups have been designed and constructed to study the performance of primary equipment in the ATS. The proposed air-purification process is able to reduce the concentration of indoor air pollutants such as volatile organic compound. The experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed ATS enables a lower outdoor air intake rate resulting in a reduced cooling load. Considering the energy consumption of primary equipment of the ATS operating in tropical climates, the total energy consumption can be reduced from 52.18 W/m2 to 41.26W/m2 by regulating the outdoor air intake rate from 10 L/s per person to 4 L/s per person.},

note = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Applied Energy},

keywords = {Air-conditioning, Cooling load, Energy consumption, Indoor air quality},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KNUDSEN2017475,

title = {Inflammatory potential of low doses of airborne fungi from fungal infested damp and dry gypsum boards},

author = {Sofie M Knudsen and Lars Gunnarsen and Anne Mette Madsen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132317304286},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.09.014},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {125},

pages = {475 - 483},

abstract = {This study has investigated the total inflammatory potential (TIP) of low concentration fungal samples from moisture-damaged and fungal infested gypsum boards. The fungal aerosols were generated from damp and dried surfaces, and sampled using filter sampling and liquid impingement. The TIP of the samples was analysed using a granulocyte assay based on differentiated HL60 cells. The study found a tendency to a J-shaped dose-response curve for fungal samples. Low concentrations of fungi were aerosolised from the gypsum boards, and the aerosols were dominated by Aspergillus versicolor and Penicillium chrysogenum. Bacillus infantis and Paenibacillus sp. were found on the gypsum boards, but not recovered in the aerosols. A significant correlation was found between the TIP of diluted and undiluted samples of fungal aerosols. However, diluted samples had a higher TIP than undiluted samples, and no significant association was found between concentration of fungi and the TIP of the samples. This is likely due to the J-shaped dose response curve. The aerosol samples from the dried gypsum boards had a significantly higher TIP compared to aerosols from the damp surfaces. However, the J-shaped dose-response curve weakens the conclusion on the influence of surfaces dampness, sampling time, fungal species or sampling methods. It could, however, be concluded that samples from both damp and dry surfaces induce inflammation in the HL60 cells, despite the low concentration of fungi. Thus, a dried fungal infestation in a building seem still to present a concern for the occupant.},

keywords = {Dose-response, Granulocyte assay, HL60 cells, J-shaped, Low concentrations, TIP},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KNUDSEN2017161,

title = {Airborne fungal species associated with mouldy and non-mouldy buildings – effects of air change rates, humidity, and air velocity},

author = {Sofie M Knudsen and Lars Gunnarsen and Anne Mette Madsen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132317302512},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.06.017},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {122},

pages = {161 - 170},

abstract = {Several studies have shown an association between dampness and health issues like headache and asthma. To better understand the exposure risk of fungal growth in buildings this study investigates the release of fungi from gypsum boards infested with fungi from a moisture-damaged house. Further, the composition and concentration of fungal species in indoor air of five non-moisture-damaged homes are analysed, and the ratio between species associated- and not associated with moisture-damaged buildings are related to air change rate (ACR) and relative humidity (RH). The air velocity near the surface of the gypsum boards in combination with the changes in sampling time influenced the particle release rate. After 8 h particles were still released, and more species were released during 8 h with low air velocity than during 15 min with high air velocity. More fungal species and a higher release rate were found from damp surfaces with substantial growth than from gypsum boards dried out before they were totally colonized. In the five homes ACR and RH had a significant influence on the fungal species composition. Thus, a low ACR and a high RH were associated with increased ratio of species associated with moisture-damage relative to species not associated with moisture-damage. In conclusion, increasing the ventilation and reducing the RH of the indoor air will have a beneficial effect on the airborne species composition. Further, fast action by drying out a fungal infestation has a positive impact on the exposure risk in terms of exposure level and species composition.},

keywords = {Air change rate, Airborne fungal exposure, ERMI, Release rate, Species composition, Water damage},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{CUI2017283,

title = {Energy saving potential of an air treatment system for improved building indoor air quality in Singapore},

author = {X Cui and B Mohan and M R Islam and S K Chou and K J Chua},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876610217364494},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.685},

issn = {1876-6102},

year  = {2017},

date = {2017-01-01},

journal = {Energy Procedia},

volume = {143},

pages = {283 - 288},

abstract = {The design of air conditioning mechanical ventilation (ACMV) system affects the building energy performance and the indoor pollutant removal process. The present study aims to reduce energy consumption on ACMV systems by employing a renewable air treatment system (ATS). The ATS is able to purify the recirculated air through the ozone-based oxidation process and air scrubbing devices. The air purification performance of primary equipment in the ATS has been studied in order to demonstrate the capability to remove indoor air pollutants. Due to the air purification process, the ATS allows a reduced supply of outdoor-air translating to a lower cooling load. In addition, the reduced outdoor-air fraction results in an improved chiller efficiency. Therefore, the ATS is capable of achieving marked energy savings because of the reduced cooling load for conditioning outdoor airflow. The proposed ATS is particular adept during a period when Singapore faces periodic bad haze situations. Activating the ATS while decreasing the outdoor-air fraction can be an attractive solution. Based on Singapore climatic condition, an energy consumption analysis has been carried out to estimate the energy saving potential of the proposed ATS with varying outdoor-air intake. The “plug-and-play” ATS can be easily integrated into any new or existing ACMV systems to realize immediate improvement in indoor air quality and building energy efficiency.},

note = {Leveraging Energy Technologies and Policy Options for Low Carbon Cities},

keywords = {Air-conditioning, Building energy consumption, Cooling load, Indoor air quality, Ventilation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{RIZK2016239,

title = {Fast sorption measurements of VOCs on building materials: Part 2 – Comparison between FLEC and CLIMPAQ methods},

author = {Malak Rizk and Marie Verriele and Maxence Mendez and Nadège Blond and Sébastien Dusanter and Coralie Schoemaecker and Patrice Blondeau and Stéphane Le Calvé and Nadine Locoge},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315302146},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.016},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {99},

pages = {239 - 251},

abstract = {A new method was developed to measure on the field VOC sorption coefficients (ka; kd) on the surface of a material by coupling a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) to a Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) as presented in the first part of this study. In this second part, the method is compared to the classical method based on a CLIMPAQ chamber coupled to an on-line GC analyzer. Different models were used to determine the sorption parameters from experimental data taking into account the sink effect on empty chamber walls and the presence of a boundary-layer. Determined sorption equilibrium coefficients Ke (ka/kd) for a mixture of BTEX on a gypsum board was found to be in good agreement between both methods. However, the CLIMPAQ method seems to be less robust than the FLEC method in the determination of sorption coefficients since more than one couple of (ka; kd), showing the same ratio Ke can retrieve the same CLIMPAQ experimental data. Giving this result, the question arises about the reliability of the literature data determined using emission test chamber which could be one of the reasons behind the discrepancies found between experimental indoor concentrations and predicted ones using chamber derived parameters.},

keywords = {Building materials, CLIMPAQ, FLEC, Indoor air quality, Model, Sorption},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{MAO2016613,

title = {CFD analysis of SVOC mass transfer in different chambers},

author = {Yun-Feng Mao and Zhuo Li and Ya-Ling He and Wen-Quan Tao},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931016304756},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2016.04.006},

issn = {0017-9310},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer},

volume = {99},

pages = {613 - 621},

abstract = {Semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) in indoor environment is an important research topic because of their wide use and persistent effect on human health. SVOC chambers have been continually improved to study the mass transfer characteristics in indoor environment. CFD method is used in the present paper to study the effect on mass transfer, especially on steady time by velocity field from the comparison of SVOC mass transfer in two different SVOC chambers (A and B). The results indicate that the variance of air flow in small range strongly affects the steady concentration and has no obvious effect on steady time. Sorption ability itself has great impact on steady time. The great reduction of steady time in Chamber B is the combined effect of sorption and velocity field. The velocity field resulted from the special structure of Chamber B leads to a stronger convective mass transfer resistance, and hence causes a weaker effective sorption. Therefore, the less steady time in Chamber B is the result of weaker effective sorption besides a less sorption area of Chamber B than Chamber A.},

keywords = {CFD, Chambers, Sorption, SVOC, Velocity field},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{WU2016126,

title = {A reference method for measuring emissions of SVOCs in small chambers},

author = {Yaoxing Wu and Steven S Cox and Ying Xu and Yirui Liang and Doyun Won and Xiaoyu Liu and Per A Clausen and Lars Rosell and Jennifer L Benning and Yinping Zhang and John C Little},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315301062},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.08.025},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {95},

pages = {126 - 132},

abstract = {Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) are indoor air pollutants that may have significant adverse effects on human health. Although emissions of volatile chemicals from building materials and consumer products are usually characterized in small chambers, few chamber studies have been conducted for SVOCs due to the challenges associated with analysis and the lack of validation procedures. There is an urgent need for a reliable and accurate chamber test method to verify these measurements. A reference method employing a specially-designed chamber has been developed and is undergoing extensive evaluation. A pilot inter-laboratory study (ILS) has been conducted with six laboratories performing chamber tests under identical conditions for di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Results from this study showed inter-laboratory variations of 24% for DEHP emission rates, with closer agreement observed among intra-laboratory measurements for most of the participating laboratories. A mechanistic emission model fits well to the measured concentration profiles, demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed reference method to independently assess laboratory performance and validate SVOC emission tests.},

keywords = {DEHP, Inter-laboratory study, Phthalates, Reference method, Semi-volatile organic compounds},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{HARB2016568,

title = {The 40m3 Innovative experimental Room for INdoor Air studies (IRINA): Development and validations},

author = {P Harb and L Sivachandiran and V Gaudion and F Thevenet and N Locoge},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894716310488},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.07.102},

issn = {1385-8947},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Chemical Engineering Journal},

volume = {306},

pages = {568 - 578},

abstract = {Over the last 30years, several experimental chambers were developed and implemented for indoor air studies. Yet, they were not all representative of real indoor air conditions. Either they did not have sufficient volumes or they were hindered by difficulties to control experimental conditions and air exchange rates. In this context, a 40m3 Innovative experimental Room for Indoor Air studies (IRINA) has been developed and validated at Mines Douai (Atmospheric Sciences et Environmental Engineering department (SAGE)) to overcome these drawbacks and above all to perform reproducible indoor air studies avoiding any possible experimental biases. IRINA inner walls are covered with aluminum foils. The room is operated in a closed mode and is equipped with a VOC injection system that relies on the heated and pressurized injection of vaporized VOC. IRINA is also equipped with analytical instruments that allow the analysis of both gas (online and offline measurements) and particle phases. IRINA validation evidenced that: (i) the air exchange rate of the room is well controlled over an one year timespan; (ii) both gaseous and particulate background levels in IRINA remain lower than typical indoor air conditions; (iii) fast homogenization of injected VOC concentrations is reached in the room; (iv) adsorption phenomena on IRINA walls are limited; and (v) there is no VOC matrix impact regarding individual VOC decays. The modelling of VOC natural decay in IRINA based on the new INCA-Indoor model showed that the VOC removal in IRINA is mainly due to the air exchange rate.},

keywords = {Environmental conditions, Experimental chambers, Indoor air, VOC},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LYNG201677,

title = {Measurement of PCB emissions from building surfaces using a novel portable emission test cell},

author = {Nadja Lynge Lyng and Lars Gunnarsen and Helle Vibeke Andersen and Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen and Per Axel Clausen},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S036013231630049X},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.011},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {101},

pages = {77 - 84},

abstract = {Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in building materials like caulks and paints from 1930–1970s and in some cases that caused elevated PCB concentrations in the indoor air at levels considered harmful to occupant health. PCBs are semivolatile organic compounds and capable of spreading from the original source to adjacent materials, indoor air and via adsorption from the air to indoor surfaces, causing secondary contaminations. Remediation of buildings with unsatisfactory indoor air concentrations is a complex and difficult task due to the secondary contamination of building materials and there is a need to prioritise remediation measures on different materials. An inexpensive and portable emission test cell was developed to resemble indoor conditions in relation to the area specific ventilation rate. Emissions were measured using the test cell in the laboratory on freshly made PCB paint. Further, the chamber was used for determining emissions from PCB-containing building materials in the field as well as remediated walls. The measurements showed that sorption of PCBs to chamber walls was insignificant after 2–4 days of exposure to the source. Over a period of two weeks emission rates did not change from any of the tested surfaces, however in the laboratory experiment emission rates decreased over a longer period (48 days) and was most pronounced for the lower chlorinated PCBs.},

keywords = {Building materials, emission rate, Emission test cell, Indoor air, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Semivolatile organic compound (SVOCs)},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{RIZK2016200,

title = {Fast sorption measurements of volatile organic compounds on building materials: Part 1 – Methodology developed for field applications},

author = {M Rizk and M Verriele and S Dusanter and C Schoemaecker and Le S calve and N Locoge},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315302158},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.12.017},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {99},

pages = {200 - 209},

abstract = {Several physicochemical processes occurring within buildings are key drivers of indoor concentrations of Volatile Organic Compounds VOCs. Many models and experimental studies have been proposed to predict VOCs concentration indoors given these processes. However, there is a lack of representative data in literature to present gas–surface interaction in order to validate mathematical models. This work is divided in two parts and aims to develop and validate a method to perform fast measurements of VOC sorption parameters on the field by coupling a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) to a Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS). In the part 1 of the work, sorption coefficients of aromatic compounds on a gypsum board and vinyl flooring were investigated at ppb levels to test and evaluate the proposed methodology. Sorption coefficients in the range of 0.03–1.88 m h−1 for ka and 2.04–17.32 h−1 for kd were successfully measured within a (0.5–8 h) for the two materials. Robustness tests highlight that the determination of sorption coefficients does not depend on operating conditions. While sorption coefficients for the gypsum board were measured with a PTR-MS time resolution of 20 s, the vinyl flooring material required measurements at a higher time resolution of 2 s due to its lower sorption properties. Limits of applicability assessed for this method indicate that sets of sorption parameters (ka, kd) of (0.01 m h−1; 0.01 h−1) and (0.09 m h−1; 0.09 h−1) can be measured with an accuracy better than 10% at time resolutions of 2 and 20 s respectively.},

keywords = {Building materials, Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometer (PTR-MS), Sorption, VOCs},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{JEON2016441,

title = {Migration of DEHP and DINP into dust from PVC flooring products at different surface temperature},

author = {Seunghwan Jeon and Ki-Tae Kim and Kyungho Choi},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969715312900},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.135},

issn = {0048-9697},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Science of The Total Environment},

volume = {547},

pages = {441 - 446},

abstract = {Phthalates are important endocrine disrupting chemicals that have been linked to various adverse human health effects. Phthalates are ubiquitously present in indoor environment and could enter humans. Vinyl or PVC floorings have been recognized as one of important sources of phthalate release to indoor environment including house dust. In the present study, we estimated the migration of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) from the flooring materials into the dust under different heating conditions. For this purpose, a small chamber specifically designed for the present study and a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) were used, and four major types of PVC flooring samples including two UV curing paint coated, an uncoated residential, and a wax-coated commercial type were tested. Migration of DEHP was observed for an uncoated residential type and a wax-coated commercial type flooring. After 14days of incubation, the levels of DEHP in the dust sample was determined at room temperature on average (standard deviation) at 384±19 and 481±53μg/g, respectively. In contrast, migration of DINP was not observed. The migration of DEHP was strongly influenced by surface characteristics such as UV curing coating. In the residential flooring coated with UV curing paint, migration of DEHP was not observed at room temperature. But under the heated condition, the release of DEHP was observed in the dust in the FLEC. Migration of DEHP from flooring materials increased when the flooring was heated (50°C). In Korea, heated flooring system, or ‘ondol’, is very common mode of heating in residential setting, therefore the contribution of PVC flooring to the total indoor DEHP exposure among general population is expected to be greater especially during winter season when the floor is heated.},

keywords = {Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP), Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), Dust, Heating, Migration, Phthalates},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{XIONG2016314,

title = {Early stage C-history method: Rapid and accurate determination of the key SVOC emission or sorption parameters of indoor materials},

author = {Jianyin Xiong and Jianping Cao and Yinping Zhang},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315301360},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.027},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {95},

pages = {314 - 321},

abstract = {The accurate and rapid determination of the emission parameters of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) from indoor materials is of great importance for estimating and controlling indoor exposure. By virtue of a simplified mass transfer model we derived, a new method called the early stage C-history method, has been developed to measure the key emission parameters: the gas phase SVOC concentration adjacent to the material surface (y0) and the convective mass transfer coefficient (hm). We validate this model using experimental data found in the literature. When compared with established methods, the new method has the following salient features: (1) rapid (the experimental time is reduced from several months to several days); (2) accurate (R2 in the range of 0.92–0.97). Further analysis shows that both features can be further improved if the test system has a smaller chamber wall/air partition coefficient. The new method is also extended to measure the key parameters of SVOCs from sorption materials. This method should prove useful for screening SVOC emission characteristics and for assessing exposure, as well as for chamber and test design.},

keywords = {Emission, Indoor air quality, Key parameters, Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), Sorption},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{NOGUCHI2016197,

title = {Passive flux sampler measurements of emission rates of phthalates from poly(vinyl chloride) sheets},

author = {Miyuki Noguchi and Akihiro Yamasaki},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132316300634},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.019},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {100},

pages = {197 - 202},

abstract = {Emission rates of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) sheets containing DEHP as a plasticizer at various contents (0.16%–32.3%) were measured using the passive gas flux sampling method. The gas sampler was made of Pyrex glass and had a glass fiber filter inside. The sampler was placed on the surface of a PVC sheet for a given sampling period (up to 24 h), then the DEHP captured by the glass fiber filter was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The sampling temperature was 50 °C. The surface concentration y0 (the DEHP concentration in the gas immediately adjacent to the surface of the PVC sheet) was determined from the experimental results and a transient DEHP emission model. The surface concentrations that were found agreed with values that have previously been published, most of which were determined in chamber emission experiments that require a longer test period than was used here. The method presented therefore allows the surface concentration y0, which is considered to be one of the most important parameters determining SVOC emissions from solids such as PVC sheets, to be determined quickly and simply. The experimentally determined surface concentrations and the DEHP contents of the PVC sheets that were used correlated well.},

keywords = {emission rate, Sampling, Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs)},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LIU2016283,

title = {Characterizing the equilibrium relationship between DEHP in PVC flooring and air using a closed-chamber SPME method},

author = {Cong Liu and Yinping Zhang},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315301372},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.09.028},

issn = {0360-1323},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Building and Environment},

volume = {95},

pages = {283 - 290},

abstract = {The di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) concentration in the air immediately adjacent to a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flooring surface, y0 (μg/m3), has been identified as one of the critical parameters governing the emission process and consequent exposure. At room temperature and below, the relationship between y0 and the vapor pressure of pure DEHP (Psat) is still unclear. Few studies have been conducted to examine the influence of the mass fraction of DEHP in PVC on the relationship. In this study a new closed-chamber solid phase microextraction (SPME) method is developed to characterize ratio of y0 to Psat at 23 °C. This method avoids the artifact from wall-loss of sampling lines and of the thermal desorption system, in contrast to ventilated-chamber methods. Results show that at 23 °C y0 is significantly lower than the vapor pressure of pure DEHP. When the mass fraction of DEHP in PVC flooring increases from 13% to 23%, y0/Psat is increased by 7.2%, similar to what is reported in the literature. The sorption capacity of SPME stainless steel (SS) rods differs by up to 104%, although they are all made of SS. Based on error analysis, strategies are recommended to improve the precision and time efficiency. The method developed here should work for other SVOC-polymer systems.},

keywords = {Emission, Indoor air quality (IAQ), Mass transfer, Persistent organic pollutants (POPs), Semivolatile organic compound (SVOC)},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{KALIMERI20161128,

title = {Indoor air quality investigation of the school environment and estimated health risks: Two-season measurements in primary schools in Kozani, Greece},

author = {Krystallia K Kalimeri and Dikaia E Saraga and Vasileios D Lazaridis and Nikolaos A Legkas and Dafni A Missia and Evangelos I Tolis and John G Bartzis},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104216300538},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.07.002},

issn = {1309-1042},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Atmospheric Pollution Research},

volume = {7},

number = {6},

pages = {1128 - 1142},

abstract = {Two primary schools and one kindergarten were selected in the city of Kozani, Greece in order to investigate the school environment, the indoor air pollutants that children are exposed to and possible health risks at school. In each school three classrooms and one outdoor position were monitored from Monday to Friday, in both non-heating (26/09/2011–14/10/2011) and heating (23/01/2012–10/02/2012) period. Temperature, relative humidity and CO2, were continuously monitored. Formaldehyde, benzene, trichloroethylene, pinene, limonene, NO2 and O3 were measured with diffusive samplers. CO was monitored every day (30 min/day). Radon was measured for four weeks with short term radon detectors. PM2.5 was gravimetrically determined while PM2.5 and PM10 fractions were measured using the optical light scattering technique. Building material emission testing for VOCs was performed using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The ventilation rate for each classroom was calculated based on the CO2 measurements. Results indicated that indoor air concentrations of the measured pollutants were within accepted limits with indicative ranges 1.5–9.4 μg/m3 for benzene, 2.3–28.5 μg/m3 for formaldehyde, 4.6–43 μg/m3 for NO2 and 0.1–15.6 μg/m3 for O3. Emissions from building materials seem to have a significant contribution to the indoor air quality. Very low ventilation rates (0.1–3.7 L/s per person) were observed, indicating inadequate ventilation and possible indoor air quality problems requiring intervention measures. The estimated average lifetime cancer risks for benzene, formaldehyde and trichloroethylene were very low.},

keywords = {Building material emissions, Children, exposure, Indoor air quality, School buildings, Ventilation},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rizk2016e,

title = {Fast sorption measurements of volatile organic compounds on building materials: Part 1 - Methodology developed for field applications},

author = {M. Rizk and M. Verriele and S. Dusanter and C. Schoemaecker and S. Le Calve and N. Locoge},

doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2016.01.011},

issn = {23523409},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Data in Brief},

volume = {6},

abstract = {A Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) has been coupled to the outlet of a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC), to measure volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentration during a sorption experiments (Rizk et al., this issue) [1]. The limits of detection of the PTR-MS for three VOCs are presented for different time resolution (2, 10 and 20 s). The mass transfer coefficient was calculated in the FLEC cavity for the different flow rates. The concentration profile obtained from a sorption experiment performed on a gypsum board and a vinyl flooring are also presented in comparison with the profile obtained for a Pyrex glass used as a material that do not present any sorption behavior (no sink). Finally, the correlation between the concentration of VOCs adsorbed on the surface of the gypsum board at equilibrium (Cse) and the concentration of VOCs Ce measured in the gas phase at equilibrium is presented for benzene, C8 aromatics and toluene.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Lazarov2016,

title = {Influence of suspended particles on the emission of organophosphate flame retardant from insulation boards},

author = {Borislav Lazarov and Rudi Swinnen and David Poelmans and Maarten Spruyt and Eddy Goelen and Adrian Covaci and Marianne Stranger},

doi = {10.1007/s11356-016-6886-8},

issn = {16147499},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Environmental Science and Pollution Research},

volume = {23},

issue = {17},

abstract = {The influence of the presence of the so-called seed particles on the emission rate of Tris (1-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) from polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulation boards was investigated in this study. Two Field and Laboratory Emission Test cells (FLEC) were placed on the surface of the same PIR board and respectively supplied with clean air (reference FLEC) and air containing laboratory-generated soot particles (test FLEC). The behavior of the area-specific emission rates (SERA) over a time period of 10 days was studied by measuring the total (gas + particles) concentrations of TCIPP at the exhaust of each FLEC. The estimated SERA of TCIPP from the PIR board at the quasi-static equilibrium were found to be 0.82 μg m−2 h−1 in the absence of seed particles, while the addition of soot particles led to SERA of 2.16 μg m−2 h−1. This indicates an increase of the SERA of TCIPP from the PIR board with a factor of 3 in the presence of soot particles. The TCIPP partition coefficient to soot particles at the quasi-static equilibrium was 0.022 ± 0.012 m3 μg−1. In the next step, the influence of real-life particles on TCIPP emission rates was investigated by supplying the test FLEC with air from a professional kitchen where mainly frying and baking activities took place. Similar to the reference FLEC outcomes, SERA was also found to increase in this real-life experiment over a time period of 20 days by a factor 3 in the presence of particles generated during cooking activities. The median value of estimated particle–gas coefficient for this test was 0.062 ± 0.037 m3 μg−1.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{Rizk2016f,

title = {Data on comparison between FLEC and CLIMPAQ methods used for fast sorption measurements of VOCs on building materials},

author = {Malak Rizk and Marie Verriele and Maxence Mendez and Nadège Blond and Sébastien Dusanter and Coralie Schoemaecker and Patrice Blondeau and Stéphane Le Calvé and Nadine Locoge},

doi = {10.1016/j.dib.2016.02.072},

issn = {23523409},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Data in Brief},

volume = {7},

abstract = {A test emission chamber called CLIMPAQ has been coupled to a chromatography analyzer GC to measure volatile organic compounds (VOC) concentration during a sorption experiments (Fast sorption measurements of VOCs on building materials: Part 2 - Comparison between FLEC and CLIMPAQ methods, (Rizk et al., In press) [1]). The equations used to calculate the mass transfer coefficient and the thickness of the boundary layer developed on the surface of a material are presented. In addition, the experimental profiles obtained using the CLIMPAQ chamber is also presented in the presence and the absence of a building material. Finally, the impact of chamber size on the obtained concentration profile using different chambers is shown using 3 types of chambers having different volumes, 1 m3, 30 m3 and a micro chamber of 40 mL.},

keywords = {},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LIU2016333,

title = {Characterization of organophosphorus flame retardants’ sorption on building materials and consumer products},

author = {Xiaoyu Liu and Matthew R Allen and Nancy F Roache},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231016304514},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.06.019},

issn = {1352-2310},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Atmospheric Environment},

volume = {140},

pages = {333 - 341},

abstract = {Better understanding the transport mechanisms of organophosphorus flame-retardants (OPFRs) in the residential environment is important to more accurately estimate their indoor exposure and develop risk management strategies that protect human health. This study describes an improved dual small chamber testing method to characterize the sorption of OPFRs on indoor building materials and consumer products. The OPFRs studied were tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The test materials and products used as sinks include concrete, ceiling tile, vinyl flooring, carpet, latex painted gypsum wallboard, open cell polyurethane foam, mattress pad and liner, polyester clothing, cotton clothing, and uniform shirt. During the tests, the amount of OPFRs absorbed by the materials at different exposure times was determined simultaneously. OPFRs air concentrations at the inlet and inside the test chamber were monitored. The data were used to rank the sorption strength of the OPFRs on different materials. In general, building materials exhibited relatively stronger sorption strength than clothing textiles. The material-air partition and material phase diffusion coefficients were estimated by fitting a sink model to the sorption concentration data for twelve materials with three OPFRs. They are in the range of 2.72 × 105 to 3.99 × 108 (dimensionless) for the material-air partition coefficients and 1.13 × 10−14 to 5.83 × 10−9 (m2/h) for the material phase diffusion coefficients.},

keywords = {Material-air partition coefficient, Material-phase diffusion coefficient, Organophosphorus flame retardants, Sink, Sorption strength},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LIU201662,

title = {Laboratory study of PCB transport from primary sources to settled dust},

author = {Xiaoyu Liu and Zhishi Guo and Kenneth A Krebs and Dale J Greenwell and Nancy F Roache and Rayford A Stinson and Joshua A Nardin and Robert H Pope},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653516300753},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.075},

issn = {0045-6535},

year  = {2016},

date = {2016-01-01},

journal = {Chemosphere},

volume = {149},

pages = {62 - 69},

abstract = {Dust is an important sink for indoor air pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that were used in building materials and products. In this study, two types of dust, house dust and Arizona Test Dust, were tested in a 30-m3 stainless steel chamber with two types of panels. The PCB-containing panels were aluminum sheets coated with a PCB-spiked primer or caulk. The PCB-free panels were coated with the same materials but without PCBs. The dust evenly spread on each panel was collected at different times to determine its PCB content. The data from the PCB panels were used to evaluate the PCB migration from the source to the dust through direct contact, and the data from the PCB-free panels were used to evaluate the sorption of PCBs through the dust/air partition. Settled dust can adsorb PCBs from air. The sorption concentration was dependent on the congener concentration in the air and favored less volatile congeners. When the house dust was in direct contact with the PCB-containing panel, PCBs migrated into the dust at a much faster rate than the PCB transfer rate due to the dust/air partition. The dust/source partition was not significantly affected by the congener's volatility. For a given congener, the ratio between its concentration in the dust and in the source was used to estimate the dust/source partition coefficient. The estimated values ranged from 0.04 to 0.16. These values are indicative of the sink strength of the tested house dust being in the middle or lower-middle range.},

keywords = {Chamber testing, Dust/air partition, Dust/source partition, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), Settled dust},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}

@article{LI2015390,

title = {Conjugate heat and mass transfer in a total heat exchanger with cross-corrugated triangular ducts and one-step made asymmetric membranes},

author = {Zhen-Xing Li and Ting-Shu Zhong and Jian-Lei Niu and Fu Xiao and Li-Zhi Zhang},

url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931015000393},

doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2015.01.032},

issn = {0017-9310},

year  = {2015},

date = {2015-01-01},

journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer},

volume = {84},

pages = {390 - 400},

abstract = {Membrane-based total heat exchanger is a device to recover both sensible heat and moisture from exhaust air stream from a building. Heat and mass transfer intensification has been undertaken by using a structure of cross-corrugated triangular ducts. To further intensify moisture transfer, recently developed membranes-one step made asymmetric membranes, are used as the exchanger materials. Conjugate heat and mass transfer under transitional flow regime in this total heat exchanger are investigated. Contrary to the traditional methods of assuming a uniform temperature (concentration) or a uniform heat flux (mass flux) boundary condition, in this study, the real boundary conditions on the exchanger surfaces are obtained by the numerical solution of the coupled equations that govern the transfer of momentum, energy and moisture in the two air streams and in the membrane materials. The naturally formed heat and mass boundary conditions are then used to calculate the local and mean Nusselt and Sherwood numbers along the exchanger ducts, in the heat and mass developing regions. The data are compared with those results under uniform temperature (concentration) and uniform heat flux (mass flux) boundary conditions, for cross-corrugated triangular ducts with typical duct apex angles of 60° and 90°.},

keywords = {Asymmetric membrane, Conjugate heat and mass transfer, Cross-corrugated triangular ducts, Total heat exchanger},

pubstate = {published},

tppubtype = {article}

}