The FLEC® has been validated and used in research for many years.
Below is a publication list of journal articles, abstracts, poster or oral presentations where the FLEC or CHEMATEC’s other products have been in focus.
If you have anything that can be added to the list, we encourage you to contact CHEMATEC.
| Ref. no. | Year | Author(s) | Title | Journal/Publisher |
| 103 | 2012 | Harvey SD, Wahl JH. | On-matrix derivatization for dynamic headspace sampling of nonvolatile surface residues. | J Chromatogr A. 1256:58-66. |
| 102 | 2012 | Clausen PA, Liu Z, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Little J, Wolkoff P. | Influence of temperature on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from PVC flooring in the emission cell FLEC. | Environ Sci Technol. 446(2):909-15. |
| 101 | 2011 | Schossler P, Schripp T, Salthammer T, Bahadir M. | Beyond phthalates: gas phase concentrations and modeled gas/particle distribution of modern plasticizers. | Sci. Total Environ. 409(19):4031-8. |
| 100 | 2011 | Kim KW, Lee BH, Kim S, Kim HJ, Yun JH, Yoo SE, Sohn JR. | Reduction of VOC emission from natural flours filled biodegradable bio-composites for automobile interior. | Environmental Health. 2010 [E-pub] |
| 99 | 2010 | Bello A, Quinn MM, Perry JP, Milton DK. | Quantitative assessment of airborne exposures generated during common cleaning tasks: a pilot study. | Bioresour Technol. 76(9) |
| 98 | 2010 | Kim S, Choi YK, Park KW, Kim JT. | Test methods and reduction of organic pollutant compound emissions from wood-based building and furniture materials. | Bioresour Technol. 101(16):6562-8. |
| 97 | 2010 | Kim KW, Kim S, Kim HJ, Park JC. | Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20 L chamber and FLEC. | J Hazard Mater. 15;177(1-3):90-4 |
| 96 | 2009 | Ramalho O, Dupont AL, Egasse C, Lattuati-Derieux A, |
Emission rates of volatile organic compounds from paper | e-PreservationScience; e-PS 6 |
| 95 | 2009 | Kim, S. | Environment-friendly adhesives for surface bonding of wood-based flooring using natural tannin to reduce formaldehyde and TVOC emission. | Bioresour Technol. 100(2):744-8. |
| 94 | 2007 | Kim S, Kim JA, An JY, Kim HJ, Kim SD, Park JC. | TVOC and formaldehyde emission behaviors from flooring materials bonded with environmental-friendly MF/PVAc hybrid resins. | Indoor Air.17(5):404-15. |
| 93 | 2007 | Zhu, Q, Kato, S, Murakami, S, Ito, K, | 3D-CFD analysis of diffusion and emission of VOCs in a FLEC cavity. | Indoor Air 17(3):178-88. |
| 92 | 2007 | Flemmer MM, Ham JE, and Wells JR | Field and laboratory emission cell automation and control system for investigating surface chemistry reactions | Review of Scientific instruments 78, 014101 |
| 91 | 2007 | Järnström, H, Saarela, K, Kalliokoski, P, and Pasanen, AL. | Reference values for structure emissions measured on site in new residential buildings in Finland | Atmospheric Environment 41 (11):2290-2302 |
| 90 | 2007 | Clausen PA, Xu Y, Kofoed-Sørensen V, Little JC, and Wolkoff P. | The influence of humidity on the emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from vinyl flooring in the emission cell “FLEC” | Atmospheric Environment |
| 89 | 2006 | Li, F, Niu, JL. & Zhang, LZ. | A physically-based model for prediction of VOCs emissions from paint applied to an absorptive substrate | Building and Environment 41 (10): 1317-1325 |
| 88 | 2006 | Luo, R, & Niu, JL. | Determining diffusion and partition coefficients of VOCs in cement using one FLEC | Building and Environment 41 (10): 1317-1325 |
| 87 | 2006 | Ham, JE, Flemmer MM, & Wells, JR. | FACS: FLEC automation and control system for investigating indoor environment surface chemistry reactions | Abstracts of papers of the American Chemical Society 231:18 |
| 86 | 2006 | Madsen, AM, Kruse, P & Schneider, T. | Characterization of microbial particle release from biomass and building material surfaces for inhalation exposure risk assessment | Annals of Occupational Hygiene 50 (2): 175-187 MAR 2006 |
| 85 | 2005 | Wolkoff P, Salthammer, T, & Woolfenden, EA. | Emission cells and comparison to small chambers for materials emissions testing | Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der luft 65 (3): 93-98 |
| 84 | 2005 | Li, F, & Niu, JL. | An inverse technique to determine volatile organic compounds diffusion and partition coefficients in dry building material | Heat and Mass transfer 41 (9): 834-842 JUL 2005 |
| 83 | 2004 | Clausen, PA, Hansen, V, Gunnarsen, L et al. | Emission of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from PVC flooring into air and uptake in dust: Emission and sorption experiments in FLEC and CLIMPAQ | Environmental Science and Technology 38 (9): 2531-2537 |
| 82 | 2004 | Luo, R & Niu, JL. | Determination of water vapor diffusion and partition coefficients in cement using one FLEC | International Journal of Heat and mass transfer 47 (10-11): 2061-2072 |
| 81 | 2003 | Zhang, LZ, & Niu, JL. | Effects of substrate parameters on the emissions of volatile organic compounds from wet coating materials | Building and Environment 38 (7): 939-946 |
| 80 | 2003 | Zhang, LZ, & Niu, JL. | Mass transfer of volatile organic compounds from painting material in a standard field and laboratory emission cell | International Journal of Heat and mass transfer 46 (13): 2415-2423 |
| 79 | 2003 | Zhang, LZ, & Niu, JL. | Laminar fluid flow and mass transfer in a standard field and laboratory emission cell | International Journal of Heat and mass transfer 46 (1): 91-100 |
| 78 | 2003 | Yu, CWF, & Crump, DR. | Small chamber tests for measurement of VOC emissions from flooring adhesives | Indoor and Built Environment 12 (5): 299-310 |
| 77 | 2003 | Saarela, K, & Jarnstrom, H. | Indoor air quality in new residential buildings and behaviour of materials in structures | Indoor and Built Environment 12 (4): 243-247 |
| 76 | 2003 | Kildeso, J, Wurtz, H, Nielsen, KF, et al. | Determination of fungal spore release from wet building materials | Indoor Air 13 (2): 148-155 |
| 75 | 2003 | Afshari, A, Lundgren, B, & Ekberg, LE. | Comparison of three small chamber test methods for the measurement of VOC emission rates from paint | Indoor Air 13 (2): 156-165 |
| 74 | 2002 | Meininghaus, R. & Uhde, E. | Diffusion studies of VOC mixtures in a building material | Indoor Air 12 (4): 215-222 DEC 2002 |
| 73 | 2001 | Woolfenden, E. | Optimising analytical performance and extending the application range of thermal desorption for indoor air monitoring | Indoor and Built Environment10 (3-4): 222-231 |
| 72 | 2001 | Zhu, JP, Cao, XL, & Beauchamp, R. | Determination of 2-butoxyethanol emissions from selected consumer products and its application in assessment of inhalation exposure associated with cleaning tasks | Environment International 26 (7-8): 589-597 |
| 71 | 2001 | Kildeso J, Kruse P | Release of fungi spores into Indoor air [Danish] | Dansk kemi 82:2 p28-30 |
| 70 | 2001 | Kleno, JG, Clausen, PA, Weschler, CJ, et al. | Determination of ozone removal rates by selected building products using the FLEC emission cell | Environmental Science and Technology 35 (12): 2548-2553 |
| 69 | 2000 | Hansen, V, Larsen, A, and Wolkoff, P. | Nordic round-robin emission testing of a lacquer: consequences of product in-homogeneity | In: Seppänenm O. and Säteri, J. (eds.) Healthy Buildings 2000, helsinki, SIY Indoor Air Formation, Vol. 4. pp 99-104 |
| 68 | 2000 | Akutsu, T, Kumagai, K, Uchiyama, S and Tanabe, S. | Development of measurement device (ADSEC) for aldehyde emission rates using a diffusive sampler. | In: Seppänen, O. and Säteri, J. (eds) Healthy Buildings 2000, helsinki, SIY Indoor Air Formation, Vol. 1, pp. 477-482 |
| 67 | 1999 | Gustafsson, H. | The field and laboratory emission cell – FLEC | In: Organic indorr Air Pollutants, edited by Salthammer, T. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999, p. 143-152 |
| 66 | 1999 | De Bortoli, M,, Kephalopoulos, S, Kircher, S, Schauenburg, H, and Vissers, H. | State-of-the-Art in the measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Building Products: Results of an European Interlaboratory Comparison | Indoor Air, 9, 103-116 |
| 65 | 1999 | Risholm-Sundman, M. | Determination of formaldehyde emission with field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) – Recovery and correlation to the chamber method | Indoor Air International Journal of Indoor air Quality and climate 9 (4): 268-272 |
| 64 | 1999 | Risholm-Sundman, M, & Wallin, N. | Comparison of different laboratory methods for determining the formaldehyde emission from three-layer parquet floors | Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff57 (5): 319-324 |
| 63 | 1999 | Lundgren, B, Jonsson, B, & Ek-Olausson, B. | Materials emission of chemicals – PVC flooring materials | Indoor Air International Journal of Indoor air quality and climate 9 (3): 202-208 |
| 62 | 1999 | Meininghaus, R, Salthammer, T, & Knoppel, H. | Interaction of volatile organic compounds with indoor materials – a small-scale screening method | Atmospheric Environment 33 (15): 2395-2401 |
| 61 | 1999 | Hansen, V, Larsen, A, and Wolkoff, P. | Round Robin: Chemical Emission Testing by use of FLEC | 1390-98, teknologisk Institut, Tåstrup, Denmark |
| 60 | 1998 | Wolkoff, P. | Impact of air velocity, temperature, humidity, and air on long-term VOC emissions from building products | Atmospheric Environment 32 (14-15): 2659-2668 AUG 1998 |
| 59 | 1998 | Risholm-Sundman, M, Lundgren, M, Vestin, E, et al. | Emissions of acetic acid and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood | Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff 56 (2): 125-129 MAR 1998 |
| 58 | 1998 | Uhde, E, Borgschulte, A, & Salthammer, T. | Emissions of acetic acid and other volatile organic compounds from different species of solid wood | Holz Als Roh-und Werkstoff 56 (2): 125-129 MAR 1998 |
| 57 | 1997 | Clausen, PA, & Wolkoff, P. | Evaluation of Automatic Thermal Desorption -Capillary GC for Determination of Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) in Indoor Air | J. High Resol. Chromatogr.20, |
| 56 | 1996 | Bayer, CW, Hendrey, R, Hart, K, and Mookerjea, S | Emission measurement from coating and coating products | Indoor Air |
| 55 | 1996 | Wolkoff, P | An emission cell for measurement of volatile organic compounds emitted form building materials for indoor use – the field and laboratory emission cell FLEC. | Gefahrstoffe – Reinhaltung der luft 56: 151-157 |
| 54 | 1996 | Wolkoff, P, & Nielsen, PA. | Indoor Climate Labelling of Building Materials: The Experimental Approach for a Prototype Characterising Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP 1287, Bruce A. Tichenor, Ed., | American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, pp. 331-349. |
| 53 | 1996 | Tichenor, BA. | Overview of Source/Sink Characterization Methods Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP 1287, Bruce A. Tichenor, Ed, | American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, pp. 9-19. |
| 52 | 1996 | Roache, NF, Guo, Z, Fortmann, R, & Tischenor, BA. | Comparing the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) with Traditional Emissions Testing Chambers Characterizing Sources of Indoor Air Pollution and Related Sink Effects, ASTM STP 1287, Bruce A. Tichenor, Ed., | American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, pp. 98-111. |
| 51 | 1996 | Wolkoff, P, Jensen, B, Kjær, UD. & Nielsen, PA. | Characterization of Emissions from Building Products: Short-Term Chemical and Comfort Evaluation after Two Days | Indoor Air 4 ; 311-336 |
| 50 | 1996 | Bornehag, CG. | Evaluation of a Method for dealing with Humidity and Odour problems in Concrete Floors | Indoor Air 4 ; 325-330 |
| 49 | 1996 | Wolkoff, P. | Characterization of Emissions from Building Products: Long-term Chemical Evaluation. The Impact of Air Velocity, Temperature, Humidity, Oxygen, and Batch/Repeatability in the FLEC. | Indoor Air 1 ; 579-584 |
| 48 | 1996 | Roache, N,, Howard, E, Guo, Z, & Fortmann, R. | Observations on Application of the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) for Latex Paint Emission — Effect of Relative Humidity | Indoor Air 2 ; 657-662 |
| 47 | 1996 | Tirkkonen, T, Andersen, TE, Saarela, K, Clausen, G, & Knudsen, H. | VOC Emission from Selected Materials in Different Chambers | Indoor Air 3 : 613-618 |
| 46 | 1996 | Salthammer, T, & Fuhrmann, F. | Emission of Monoterpenes from Wooden Furniture | Indoor Air 3 : 607-612 |
| 45 | 1996 | Tähtinen, M, Saarela, K, Tirkkonen, T, , Clausen, G, & Andersen, TE. | Time Dependence of TVOC Emission for Selected Materials | Indoor Air 3: 591-596 |
| 44 | 1996 | Must, A, | Measurements with FLEC in situ | Indoor Air 3 :119-115 |
| 43 | 1996 | Englund, F, Larsen, A, Funch, WL, Saarela, K, & Tirkkonen T. | Emissions of VOC from Wooden Floors, Surfaces Treated with Oils and Waxes | Indoor Air 3: 89-94 |
| 42 | 1996 | Wolkoff, P, & Nielsen, PA. | A new approach for indoor climate labeling of building materials – Emission testing, modeling, and comfort evaluation | Atmospheric Environment30 (15): 2679-2689 |
| 41 | 1996 | Wolkoff, P. | An emission cell for measurement of volatile organic compounds emitted from building materials for indoor use – The field and laboratory emission cell FLEC | Gefahrstoffe Reinhaltung der luft 56 (4): 151-157 |
| 40 | 1996 | Jensen, B, Olsen, E, & Wolkoff, P. | Toluene in Rotogravure Printed Brochures: High Speed Emission Testing and Comparison with Exposure Data | Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg 11: 1055-1063 |
| 39 | 1996 | Follin, T. | Measuring during Airing out Pollutions from Concrete Slabs | Indoor Air 3 : 65-70 |
| 38 | 1996 | Gustafsson H. | Kemiska emissionsmätninger av material på plats i byggnader. 2:a Nordiaka seminariet om Byggmaterial och luftkvalitet”.Stockholm 1995. | Sveriges Provnings- och Forskningsinstitut, Kemisk Analys. SP-INFO 1996:30 |
| 37 | 1995 | Gustafsson H, Jonsson, B, & Lundgren, B. | Chemical Emissions from Paints and other Surface Matrials- measurements with Field and Laboratory Emission cell (FLEC) and Other Climate Chambers. | In: Emissionen aus beschichtungsstoffen, edited by bagda, E. Esslingen: expert verlag, 1995, p. 95-105 |
| 36 | 1995 | Vejrup, KV, & Wolkoff, P. | High-speed emission testing of cleaning agents with the FLEC. Part II: Conversion from FLEC to a standard room. | Proceedings of Healthy Buildings ’95, Milano, 1995, Vol. 2, page 989-994 |
| 35 | 1995 | Vejrup, KV, & Wolkoff, P | High-speed emission testing of cleaning agents with the FLEC. Part I: method development | Proceedings of Healthy Buildings ’95, Milano, 1995, Vol. 2, page 983-988. |
| 34 | 1995 | Wolkoff, P. | The field and laboratory emission cell – a realistic climatic chamber for emission testing? | Healthy buildings 95 page 995-1000 |
| 33 | 1995 | Ekberg, LE, Gunnarsen, L, Knutti, R, & Haas, J. | Identification of air pollution sources in office buildings using the field and laboratory emission cell. | Healthy Building 95 page 1353-1358 |
| 32 | 1995 | Zellweger, C, Gehrig, R., Hill, M, & Hofer, P. | VOC emissions from building materials: Comparison of chamber emission data with concentrations in real rooms | Healthy Buildings 95 page 845-850 |
| 31 | 1995 | De Bortoli, M, Kefalopoulos, S, Knöppel, H. | Second interlaboratory comparison on VOCs emitted by paint in small test chambers | Healthy Buildings 95 page 863-868 |
| 30 | 1995 | Johnsson, HW. | The emission of VOCs from floor constructions | Healthy Building 95 page 875-880 |
| 29 | 1995 | Wolkoff, P, & Nielsen, PA. | A new approach to label the emission of VOCs from building products. | Part 1: The technical background Healthy Building 95 page 887-892 |
| 28 | 1995 | Johnson, L, & Lundgren, B. | Emissions from building materials during their using period – A life cycle assessment | Healthy buildings 95 page 959-963 |
| 27 | 1995 | Jørgensen, RB, Bjørseth, O, & Malvik, B. | Emission from wall paints – the influence of the wall material | Healthy Buildings ’95 pp. 977-982 |
| 26 | 1995 | Wolkoff, P, Clausen PA & Nielsen PA | Application of the Field and Laboratory Emission cell (FLEC)- performance study, intercomparison study and case study of damaged linoleum in an office | Indoor Air International Journal of Indoor Air quality and climate 5 (3): 196-203 |
| 25 | 1995 | Jensen, B, Wolkoff, P, & Wilkins, CK. | Characterization of Linoleum. Part 2: Preliminary Odor Evaluation | Indoor Air 5: 44-49 |
| 24 | 1995 | Jensen, B, Wolkoff, P, Wilkins CK, et al. | Characterization of Linoleum. 1. Measurement of Volatile Organic-compounds by use of the Fiels and Laboratory Emission Cell, FLEC | Indoor Air International Journal of Indoor Air quality and climate 5 (1): 38-43 |
| 23 | 1995 | Jensen, B, Olsen, E, & Wolkoff, P. | Toluene in rotogravure printed brochures. High-speed emission testing with the FLEC, and comparison with chamber exposure data. | Healthy buildings 95 page 965-970 |
| 22 | 1994 | Jensen, B, Wolkoff, P, & Wilkins, CK. | Characterization of Linoleum. Part 3: Identification of Oxidative Emission Processes | Healthy Building`94 vol 1 ; 243-246 |
| 21 | 1994 | Hodgson M., Levin, H, and Wolkoff P. | Volatile organic compounds and indoor air • DISCUSSION | Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 94: 2 (2) 296-303 |
| 20 | 1994 | Gustafsson, H. and Jonsson, B. | The Influence of Damp Concrete on Emission from Flooring materials | Healthy Buildings´94 |
| 19 | 1994 | Folin, T. | Methods to Avoid Odour Problems | Healthy Building`94 vol 1 ; 519-524 |
| 18 | 1994 | Vejrup, KV, & Wolkoff, P. | VOC Emission from some floor cleaning agents. | Proceedings of Healthy Buildings ’94, Budapest 1994, Vol. 1, page 247-252 |
| 17 | 1994 | Wolkoff, P. | The Relevance of Long-term Emission Testing of VOCs from Building Products | Healthy Building`94 vol 3 ; 207-212 |
| 16 | 1994 | Gunnarsen, L, Nielsen, PA, & Wolkoff, P. | Design and Characterization of the CLIMPAQ, Chamber for Laboratory Investigations of Materials, Pollution and Air Quality | Indoor Air 4:56-62 |
| 15 | 1994 | Wolkoff, P, & Nielsen, PA. | Indoor Climate Labeling of Building Products Chemical Emission Testing, Modeling, and Indoor Relevant Odor Thresholds | Healthy Building`94 vol 1 ; 231-236 |
| 14 | 1993 | De Bortoli, M, and Colombo, A. | Determination of VOCs emitted from indoor materials and products – interlaboratory comparisons of small chamber measurements | Luxembourg: Comission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre, 1993. |
| 13 | 1993 | Wolkoff, P, & Nielsen, PA. | Indeklimamærkning af byggevarer Del 2: Faglig og teknisk dokumentation af en prototypeordning | Statens Byggeforsknings Institut 1993 : SBI-Rapport 233 |
| 12 | 1993 | Nielsen, PA, & Wolkoff, P. | Indeklimamærkning af byggevarer Del 1: Beskrivelse af en prototypeordning | Statens Byggeforsknings Institut 1993,SBI-Report 232 |
| 11 | 1993 | Wolkoff, P, & Nielsen, PA. | Dansk indeklimamærkining af byggevarer. En prototype baseret på kemisk analyse, kombineret med tidslig modellering og sundhedsmæssige kriterier | Dansk Kemi 12: 8-14 |
| 10 | 1993 | Gunnarsen, L, Nielsen, PA, Nielsen, JB, Wolkoff, P, Knudsen, H, & Thøgersen, K. | The Influence of Specific Ventilation Rate on the Emission from Construction Products | Indoor Air 2: 501-506 |
| 9 | 1993 | Gustafsson, H, & Jonsson, B. | Trade Standards for Testing Chemical Emission from Building Materials. Part 1: Measurements of Flooring Materials | Indoor Air 2: 437-442 |
| 8 | 1993 | Colombo, A, Bortoli, MD, & Tichenor, BA. | International Comparison Experiment on the Determination of VOCs Emitted from Indoor Materials Using Small Test Chambers | Indoor Air 2: 573-578 |
| 7 | 1993 | Wolkoff, P, Clausen, PA, & Nielsen, PA. | Application of Field and Laboratory Emission Cell “FLEC” – Recovery Study, Case Study of Damaged Linoleum, and Liquid Wax | Indoor Air 2: 543-548 |
| 6 | 1993 | Wolkoff, P, Wilkins, CK, Clausen, PA, & Larsen, K. | Comparison of Volatile Organic Compounds from Processed Paper and Toners from Office Copiers and Printers: Methods, Emission Rates, and Modeled Concentrations | Indoor Air 3:113-123 |
| 5 | 1993 | Clausen, PA, Laursen, B, Wolkoff, P, Rasmusen, E, & Nielsen, PA. | Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from a Vinyl Floor Covering Modeling of Idoor Air Quality and Exposure | ASTM STP 1205, Niren L. Nagda, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1993, pp 3-13. |
| 4 | 1993 | Wolkoff, P, Clausen, PA, Nielsen, PA, & Gunnarsen, L. | Documentation of Field and laboratory Emission Cell “FLEC”: Identification of Emission Processes from Carpet, Linoleum, Paint, and Sealant by Modeling | Indoor Air 3: 291-297 |
| 3 | 1992 | Gustafsson, H. | Building materials identified as major sources for indoor air pollutants. A critical review of case studies. | Swedish council for Building Research, Stockholm 1992. Document D10:1992 |
| 2 | 1991 | Wolkoff, P, Clausen, PA, Nielsen, PA, Gustafsson, H, Jonsson, B, & Rasmusen, E. | Field and Laboratory Emission Cell: FLEC | Indoor Air 1: 160-165 |
| 1 | 1991 | Gustafsson,H, & Jonsson, B. | Review of small Scale Devices for measuring chemical Emission from Materials | Swedish National Testing and Research Institute. Chemical Analysis SP. Report 1991: 25 |