2023
|
Brun, Raphaël; Verriele, Marie; Romanias, Manolis N; Chenal, Marion; Soisson, Arnaud; Maier, Wolfram; Thevenet, Frédéric Uptake and reactivity of formaldehyde on lime-cement-plaster under typical indoor air conditions Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 229, pp. 109948, 2023, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{Brun2023,
title = {Uptake and reactivity of formaldehyde on lime-cement-plaster under typical indoor air conditions},
author = {Raphaël Brun and Marie Verriele and Manolis N Romanias and Marion Chenal and Arnaud Soisson and Wolfram Maier and Frédéric Thevenet},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132322011787},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109948},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {229},
pages = {109948},
abstract = {Inorganic construction materials are chiefly envisaged as structural materials. However, they provide unexplored interfaces with characteristic surface chemistry to interact with indoor gases. This work proposes for the first time an insight on uptake abilities of lime-cement-plaster toward indoor pollutant. Because of toxicity and regulation policies, formaldehyde is selected as representative indoor pollutant. This work explores gas-material interaction to elucidate fate of formaldehyde onto lime-cement-plaster and addresses air quality impact. Uptake and fate of formaldehyde onto plaster is addressed using Field and Laboratory Emission Cell coupled with SIFT Mass Spectrometer. The experimental sequence is continuously deployed on 90 days to address realistic and long-term behaviour of formaldehyde uptake. Experimental approach evidences that from 65 to 77% of formaldehyde inlet concentration is continuously taken up on plaster samples throughout experimental sequence. Concomitantly, methanol is observed showing the reactivity of formaldehyde uptake on this material-class. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy evidences that formaldehyde undergoes heterogeneous Cannizzaro reaction on the plaster surface. This surface reaction proceeds with adsorbed formaldehyde, even in the absence of gaseous pollutant supply. The quantitative balance of the disproportionation process is proposed along the experimental sequence to clarify the fate of formaldehyde encompassing gaseous and adsorbed-phase. The evidenced surface process can impact formaldehyde budget in indoor air, thus relevant parameters are determined to allow further implementation of this reactive contribution to indoor air quality models. This work settles perspectives for passive mitigation of indoor formaldehyde, and points at the need to address reaction products for their indoor air quality impact.},
keywords = {Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality, Lime-cement plaster, Methanol, Reactive uptake},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Inorganic construction materials are chiefly envisaged as structural materials. However, they provide unexplored interfaces with characteristic surface chemistry to interact with indoor gases. This work proposes for the first time an insight on uptake abilities of lime-cement-plaster toward indoor pollutant. Because of toxicity and regulation policies, formaldehyde is selected as representative indoor pollutant. This work explores gas-material interaction to elucidate fate of formaldehyde onto lime-cement-plaster and addresses air quality impact. Uptake and fate of formaldehyde onto plaster is addressed using Field and Laboratory Emission Cell coupled with SIFT Mass Spectrometer. The experimental sequence is continuously deployed on 90 days to address realistic and long-term behaviour of formaldehyde uptake. Experimental approach evidences that from 65 to 77% of formaldehyde inlet concentration is continuously taken up on plaster samples throughout experimental sequence. Concomitantly, methanol is observed showing the reactivity of formaldehyde uptake on this material-class. Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy evidences that formaldehyde undergoes heterogeneous Cannizzaro reaction on the plaster surface. This surface reaction proceeds with adsorbed formaldehyde, even in the absence of gaseous pollutant supply. The quantitative balance of the disproportionation process is proposed along the experimental sequence to clarify the fate of formaldehyde encompassing gaseous and adsorbed-phase. The evidenced surface process can impact formaldehyde budget in indoor air, thus relevant parameters are determined to allow further implementation of this reactive contribution to indoor air quality models. This work settles perspectives for passive mitigation of indoor formaldehyde, and points at the need to address reaction products for their indoor air quality impact. |
2015
|
Poulhet, Guillaume; Dusanter, Sébastien; Crunaire, Sabine; Locoge, Nadine; Kaluzny, Pascal; Coddeville, Patrice Recent developments of passive samplers for measuring material emission rates: Toward simple tools to help improving indoor air quality Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 93, pp. 106 - 114, 2015, ISSN: 0360-1323, (Special Issue: Indoor pollutants, chemistry and health- Selected papers presented at Indoor Air 2014 conference in Hong Kong). @article{POULHET2015106,
title = {Recent developments of passive samplers for measuring material emission rates: Toward simple tools to help improving indoor air quality},
author = {Guillaume Poulhet and Sébastien Dusanter and Sabine Crunaire and Nadine Locoge and Pascal Kaluzny and Patrice Coddeville},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315000918},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.034},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {93},
pages = {106 - 114},
abstract = {Passive samplers have recently been proposed as simple and inexpensive tools to measure emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from building and furnishing materials. These samplers can be used to pinpoint strong emitters of targeted pollutants, including hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs, which is of great interest to design efficient strategies aimed at improving indoor air quality. A passive sampler consists of a small cell that is exposed on a flat surface to trap material emissions. Three Passive Flux Samplers (PFS) have been developed at Mines Douai, an engineering school from Northern France, to carry out source apportionment studies of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, and higher molecular weight compounds. Over a 6-h exposure duration, these PFS exhibit linear responses and detection limits of a few μg m−2 h−1 that are low enough for monitoring material emissions and to perform extensive source apportionment studies. A few other samplers, designed using different geometries, have also been proposed in the literature. This publication summarizes findings on the development and the use of passive samplers with the objective to highlight the potential of these new tools for indoor air quality studies.},
note = {Special Issue: Indoor pollutants, chemistry and health- Selected papers presented at Indoor Air 2014 conference in Hong Kong},
keywords = {emission rate, Formaldehyde, Hydrocarbons, Indoor emissions, Passive flux sampler, Source apportionment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Passive samplers have recently been proposed as simple and inexpensive tools to measure emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from building and furnishing materials. These samplers can be used to pinpoint strong emitters of targeted pollutants, including hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs, which is of great interest to design efficient strategies aimed at improving indoor air quality. A passive sampler consists of a small cell that is exposed on a flat surface to trap material emissions. Three Passive Flux Samplers (PFS) have been developed at Mines Douai, an engineering school from Northern France, to carry out source apportionment studies of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, and higher molecular weight compounds. Over a 6-h exposure duration, these PFS exhibit linear responses and detection limits of a few μg m−2 h−1 that are low enough for monitoring material emissions and to perform extensive source apportionment studies. A few other samplers, designed using different geometries, have also been proposed in the literature. This publication summarizes findings on the development and the use of passive samplers with the objective to highlight the potential of these new tools for indoor air quality studies. |
2014
|
Poulhet, G; Dusanter, S; Crunaire, S; Locoge, N; Gaudion, V; Merlen, C; Kaluzny, P; Coddeville, P Investigation of formaldehyde sources in French schools using a passive flux sampler Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 71, pp. 111 - 120, 2014, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{POULHET2014111,
title = {Investigation of formaldehyde sources in French schools using a passive flux sampler},
author = {G Poulhet and S Dusanter and S Crunaire and N Locoge and V Gaudion and C Merlen and P Kaluzny and P Coddeville},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313002874},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.002},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {71},
pages = {111 - 120},
abstract = {While indoor air quality issues have received increasing attention the past decades, detailed investigations of primary sources of indoor pollution are still difficult to carry out. There is a lack of analytical tools and measurement procedures to identify sources of pollutants and to characterize their emissions. Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous pollutant in indoor environments, which is known to lead to adverse health effects. This study describes a measurement procedure to apportion formaldehyde emissions from building and furnishing materials and presents a source apportionment study performed in French public schools. More than 29 sources of formaldehyde were characterized in each investigated classroom, with higher emissions from building materials compared to furnishing materials. Formaldehyde emission rates measured using passive flux samplers (PFS) range from 1.2 to 252 μg/m2/h, highlighting several strong emitters made of wood products and foam. Interestingly, the ceiling was identified as the main source of formaldehyde in most classrooms. Measured emissions and air exchange rates were constrained in a mass balance model to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde reduction strategies. These results indicate that formaldehyde concentrations can be reduced by 87–98% by removing or replacing the main source of emission by a less emissive material and by increasing the air exchange rate to 1 h−1. In addition, an intercomparison of total emissions calculated from (1) PFS measurements and from (2) measured formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates indicate that an unidentified sink of formaldehyde may exist in indoor environments.},
keywords = {Emission rates, Formaldehyde, Indoor air, Mass balance model, Passive sampling, Public school},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While indoor air quality issues have received increasing attention the past decades, detailed investigations of primary sources of indoor pollution are still difficult to carry out. There is a lack of analytical tools and measurement procedures to identify sources of pollutants and to characterize their emissions. Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous pollutant in indoor environments, which is known to lead to adverse health effects. This study describes a measurement procedure to apportion formaldehyde emissions from building and furnishing materials and presents a source apportionment study performed in French public schools. More than 29 sources of formaldehyde were characterized in each investigated classroom, with higher emissions from building materials compared to furnishing materials. Formaldehyde emission rates measured using passive flux samplers (PFS) range from 1.2 to 252 μg/m2/h, highlighting several strong emitters made of wood products and foam. Interestingly, the ceiling was identified as the main source of formaldehyde in most classrooms. Measured emissions and air exchange rates were constrained in a mass balance model to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde reduction strategies. These results indicate that formaldehyde concentrations can be reduced by 87–98% by removing or replacing the main source of emission by a less emissive material and by increasing the air exchange rate to 1 h−1. In addition, an intercomparison of total emissions calculated from (1) PFS measurements and from (2) measured formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates indicate that an unidentified sink of formaldehyde may exist in indoor environments. |
2013
|
Guo, Min; Pei, Xiaoqiang; Mo, Feifei; Liu, Jianlei; Shen, Xueyou Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou, China Journal Article In: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 908 - 915, 2013, ISSN: 1001-0742. @article{GUO2013908,
title = {Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou, China},
author = {Min Guo and Xiaoqiang Pei and Feifei Mo and Jianlei Liu and Xueyou Shen},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001074212601703},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60170-3},
issn = {1001-0742},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {908 - 915},
abstract = {Air pollution surveys of formaldehyde (HCHO) were conducted in 2324 rooms decorated within one year in 2007–2009 in Hangzhou, China. The mean HCHO concentration (CHCHO) was 0.107 ± 0.095 mg/m3, and 38.9% of samples exceeded the Chinese National Standard GB 50325-2010. Over the past 3 years, the CHCHO decreased with time (p < 0.05). Relationships of potential factors to indoor CHCHO were also evaluated. CHCHO was related to temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), time duration of the windows and doors being closed before sampling (DC), time duration from the end of decoration to sampling (DR) and source characteristics (d). A model to relate indoor CHCHO to these five factors (T, RH, DC, DR, d) was established based on 298 samples (R2 = 0.87). Various factors contributed to CHCHO in the following order: T, 43.7%; d, 31.0%; DC, 10.2%; DR, 8.0%; RH, 7.0%; specifically, meteorological conditions (i.e., RH plus T) accounted for 50.7%. The coefficient of T and RH, RTH, was proposed to describe their combined influence on HCHO emission, which also had a linear relationship (R2 = 0.9387) with HCHO release in a simulation chamber test. In addition, experiments confirm that it is a synergistic action as T and RH accelerate the release of HCHO, and that is a significant factor influencing indoor HCHO pollution. These achievements could lead to reference values of measures for the efficient reduction of indoor HCHO pollution.},
keywords = {Emission, factor analysis, Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality, relative humidity, temperature},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Air pollution surveys of formaldehyde (HCHO) were conducted in 2324 rooms decorated within one year in 2007–2009 in Hangzhou, China. The mean HCHO concentration (CHCHO) was 0.107 ± 0.095 mg/m3, and 38.9% of samples exceeded the Chinese National Standard GB 50325-2010. Over the past 3 years, the CHCHO decreased with time (p < 0.05). Relationships of potential factors to indoor CHCHO were also evaluated. CHCHO was related to temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), time duration of the windows and doors being closed before sampling (DC), time duration from the end of decoration to sampling (DR) and source characteristics (d). A model to relate indoor CHCHO to these five factors (T, RH, DC, DR, d) was established based on 298 samples (R2 = 0.87). Various factors contributed to CHCHO in the following order: T, 43.7%; d, 31.0%; DC, 10.2%; DR, 8.0%; RH, 7.0%; specifically, meteorological conditions (i.e., RH plus T) accounted for 50.7%. The coefficient of T and RH, RTH, was proposed to describe their combined influence on HCHO emission, which also had a linear relationship (R2 = 0.9387) with HCHO release in a simulation chamber test. In addition, experiments confirm that it is a synergistic action as T and RH accelerate the release of HCHO, and that is a significant factor influencing indoor HCHO pollution. These achievements could lead to reference values of measures for the efficient reduction of indoor HCHO pollution. |
Liang, Weihui; Yang, Xudong Indoor formaldehyde in real buildings: Emission source identification, overall emission rate estimation, concentration increase and decay patterns Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 69, pp. 114 - 120, 2013, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{LIANG2013114,
title = {Indoor formaldehyde in real buildings: Emission source identification, overall emission rate estimation, concentration increase and decay patterns},
author = {Weihui Liang and Xudong Yang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313002357},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.009},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {69},
pages = {114 - 120},
abstract = {Formaldehyde is a commonly observed indoor air contaminant with proved health effects. For the control of indoor formaldehyde, quick methods applicable in actual buildings are needed to identify the emission sources and estimate overall emission rates. The concentration decay and increase patterns with windows open or closed must also be studied to devise control strategy guidelines for natural ventilation in buildings. In this paper, a quick and easy-to-use method was introduced to identify the emission sources and estimate the overall emission rate resulting from all the emission sources. The method was applied to an apartment unit with multiple formaldehyde sources and showed promising applicability. The formaldehyde concentration decay patterns with different window opening degrees were measured and compared with the concentration increase patterns with closed windows. The results confirmed that natural ventilation through window opening can quickly remove indoor contaminants, and that the time scale of formaldehyde concentration increase is much bigger than that of decay patterns. The results imply that in control of indoor contaminant, natural intermittent ventilation by opening and closing windows is applicable.},
keywords = {emission rate, Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality control, Residential building},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde is a commonly observed indoor air contaminant with proved health effects. For the control of indoor formaldehyde, quick methods applicable in actual buildings are needed to identify the emission sources and estimate overall emission rates. The concentration decay and increase patterns with windows open or closed must also be studied to devise control strategy guidelines for natural ventilation in buildings. In this paper, a quick and easy-to-use method was introduced to identify the emission sources and estimate the overall emission rate resulting from all the emission sources. The method was applied to an apartment unit with multiple formaldehyde sources and showed promising applicability. The formaldehyde concentration decay patterns with different window opening degrees were measured and compared with the concentration increase patterns with closed windows. The results confirmed that natural ventilation through window opening can quickly remove indoor contaminants, and that the time scale of formaldehyde concentration increase is much bigger than that of decay patterns. The results imply that in control of indoor contaminant, natural intermittent ventilation by opening and closing windows is applicable. |
2012
|
Liu, Z; Little, J C 4 - Materials responsible for formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions Book Section In: Pacheco-Torgal, F; Jalali, S; Fucic, A (Ed.): Toxicity of Building Materials, pp. 76 - 121, Woodhead Publishing, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-85709-122-2. @incollection{LIU201276,
title = {4 - Materials responsible for formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions},
author = {Z Liu and J C Little},
editor = {F Pacheco-Torgal and S Jalali and A Fucic},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857091222500048},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096357.76},
isbn = {978-0-85709-122-2},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Toxicity of Building Materials},
pages = {76 - 121},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
series = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering},
abstract = {Abstract:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important class of indoor air pollutants; with indoor concentrations generally higher than outdoors. Formaldehyde is a priority VOC because of its frequent occurrence in indoor air and the serious health outcomes resulting from exposure. Taking formaldehyde as a representative VOC, this chapter reviews the knowledge necessary to develop solutions to indoor VOC pollution. The toxicology of formaldehyde is briefly reviewed. Then the current understanding of VOC emission behavior is discussed, including experimental techniques for measuring emissions, modeling approaches for predicting emissions, and the impacts of environmental factors on emissions. With a comprehensive understanding spanning emission characteristics and toxicology, it is possible to develop effective strategies to maintain indoor VOC concentrations below a safe threshold.},
keywords = {Building materials, Emissions, Formaldehyde, Modeling, testing, toxicology, Volatile organic compounds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Abstract:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important class of indoor air pollutants; with indoor concentrations generally higher than outdoors. Formaldehyde is a priority VOC because of its frequent occurrence in indoor air and the serious health outcomes resulting from exposure. Taking formaldehyde as a representative VOC, this chapter reviews the knowledge necessary to develop solutions to indoor VOC pollution. The toxicology of formaldehyde is briefly reviewed. Then the current understanding of VOC emission behavior is discussed, including experimental techniques for measuring emissions, modeling approaches for predicting emissions, and the impacts of environmental factors on emissions. With a comprehensive understanding spanning emission characteristics and toxicology, it is possible to develop effective strategies to maintain indoor VOC concentrations below a safe threshold. |
2011
|
An, Jae-Yoon; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 44 - 51, 2011, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{AN201144,
title = {Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition},
author = {Jae-Yoon An and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389410011027},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.086},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {187},
number = {1},
pages = {44 - 51},
abstract = {Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32°C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.},
keywords = {Air circulation system, Floor heating system, Formaldehyde, Laminate flooring, VOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32°C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate. |
2010
|
Kim, Ki-Wook; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong; Park, Jin Chul Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20L chamber and FLEC Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 90 - 94, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{KIM201090,
title = {Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20L chamber and FLEC},
author = {Ki-Wook Kim and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim and Jin Chul Park},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409015210},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.060},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {177},
number = {1},
pages = {90 - 94},
abstract = {Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF.},
keywords = {Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), Formaldehyde, Small chamber, Surface materials, Total volatile organic compound},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF. |
Kim, Sumin Control of formaldehyde and TVOC emission from wood-based flooring composites at various manufacturing processes by surface finishing Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 14 - 19, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{KIM201014,
title = {Control of formaldehyde and TVOC emission from wood-based flooring composites at various manufacturing processes by surface finishing},
author = {Sumin Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409005159},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.113},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {176},
number = {1},
pages = {14 - 19},
abstract = {This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior from wood flooring composites bonded by urea–formaldehyde resin at various manufacturing steps for surface finishing materials. The surface adhesion step of laminate flooring for this research was divided into two steps; HDF only and HDF with LPMs. In the case of engineered flooring, the manufacturing steps were divided into three steps; plywood only, fancy veneer bonded on plywood and UV coated on fancy veneer with plywood. Formaldehyde and VOCs emission decreased at the process of final surface finishing materials; LPMs were applied on the surface of HDF for laminate flooring. Although emissions increased when fancy veneer was bonded onto plywood in the case of engineered flooring, emission was dramatically reduced up to similar level with plywood only when final surface finishing; UV-curable coating was applied on fancy veneer. This study suggests that formaldehyde and VOCs emission from floorings can be controlled at manufacturing steps for surface finishing.},
keywords = {Engineered flooring, FLEC, Formaldehyde, Laminate flooring, VOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior from wood flooring composites bonded by urea–formaldehyde resin at various manufacturing steps for surface finishing materials. The surface adhesion step of laminate flooring for this research was divided into two steps; HDF only and HDF with LPMs. In the case of engineered flooring, the manufacturing steps were divided into three steps; plywood only, fancy veneer bonded on plywood and UV coated on fancy veneer with plywood. Formaldehyde and VOCs emission decreased at the process of final surface finishing materials; LPMs were applied on the surface of HDF for laminate flooring. Although emissions increased when fancy veneer was bonded onto plywood in the case of engineered flooring, emission was dramatically reduced up to similar level with plywood only when final surface finishing; UV-curable coating was applied on fancy veneer. This study suggests that formaldehyde and VOCs emission from floorings can be controlled at manufacturing steps for surface finishing. |
An, Jae-Yoon; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong; Seo, Janghoo Emission behavior of formaldehyde and TVOC from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1826 - 1833, 2010, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{AN20101826,
title = {Emission behavior of formaldehyde and TVOC from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems},
author = {Jae-Yoon An and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim and Janghoo Seo},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132310000612},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.02.012},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {45},
number = {8},
pages = {1826 - 1833},
abstract = {Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the adhesive, flooring, and flooring with adhesive were measured using a desiccator, a 20-L chamber and a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Flooring with an adhesive is similar to that used in construction was applied to a floor heating system and an air circulation system, and the surface temperature of the flooring was set to 20 °C, 26 °C and 32 °C. The rate of formaldehyde emission from the flooring was the highest at 32 °C using a desiccator and decreased with time. The formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions from the samples using a 20-L chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. The VOCs emission trends with the 20-L chamber and FLEC were similar. The rate of formaldehyde and TVOC emission determined using FLEC was higher than that determined using the 20-L chamber method. The flooring emitted primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, as well as some unknown VOCs. There was a strong correlation between formaldehyde and TVOC emission for the 20-L chamber and FLEC. Samples using a floor heating system showed higher formaldehyde emission than those using an air circulation system. The level of TVOC emission was higher from the samples using an air circulation system than those using the floor heating system.},
keywords = {Air circulation system, Engineered flooring, Floor heating system, Formaldehyde, VOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the adhesive, flooring, and flooring with adhesive were measured using a desiccator, a 20-L chamber and a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Flooring with an adhesive is similar to that used in construction was applied to a floor heating system and an air circulation system, and the surface temperature of the flooring was set to 20 °C, 26 °C and 32 °C. The rate of formaldehyde emission from the flooring was the highest at 32 °C using a desiccator and decreased with time. The formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions from the samples using a 20-L chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. The VOCs emission trends with the 20-L chamber and FLEC were similar. The rate of formaldehyde and TVOC emission determined using FLEC was higher than that determined using the 20-L chamber method. The flooring emitted primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, as well as some unknown VOCs. There was a strong correlation between formaldehyde and TVOC emission for the 20-L chamber and FLEC. Samples using a floor heating system showed higher formaldehyde emission than those using an air circulation system. The level of TVOC emission was higher from the samples using an air circulation system than those using the floor heating system. |
Kim, Sumin; Choi, Yoon-Ki; Park, Kyung-Won; Kim, Jeong Tai Test methods and reduction of organic pollutant compound emissions from wood-based building and furniture materials Journal Article In: Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, no. 16, pp. 6562 - 6568, 2010, ISSN: 0960-8524. @article{KIM20106562,
title = {Test methods and reduction of organic pollutant compound emissions from wood-based building and furniture materials},
author = {Sumin Kim and Yoon-Ki Choi and Kyung-Won Park and Jeong Tai Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852410005365},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.059},
issn = {0960-8524},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
volume = {101},
number = {16},
pages = {6562 - 6568},
abstract = {This paper reviews different methods for the analysis of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood-based panel materials for furniture and building interiors and highlights research on reduction of emission from wood-based panels that can adversely affect indoor air quality. In Korea, standard test methods have been developed to determine formaldehyde and VOC emissions from building products, and the Ministry of Environment regulates the use of building materials with pollutant emissions. Desiccator and perforator methods are being used for formaldehyde and the chamber and field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) methods for VOC and formaldehyde emissions. The VOC analyzer is a suitable pre-test method for application as a total VOC (TVOC) emission test and bake-out is a useful method to reduce TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from furniture materials in indoor environments.},
keywords = {Emission reduction, Environmental chamber test, Formaldehyde, VOCs, Wood-based panel},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper reviews different methods for the analysis of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood-based panel materials for furniture and building interiors and highlights research on reduction of emission from wood-based panels that can adversely affect indoor air quality. In Korea, standard test methods have been developed to determine formaldehyde and VOC emissions from building products, and the Ministry of Environment regulates the use of building materials with pollutant emissions. Desiccator and perforator methods are being used for formaldehyde and the chamber and field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) methods for VOC and formaldehyde emissions. The VOC analyzer is a suitable pre-test method for application as a total VOC (TVOC) emission test and bake-out is a useful method to reduce TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from furniture materials in indoor environments. |
Yamashita, Shohei; Kume, Kazunari; Horiike, Toshiyuki; Honma, Nobuyuki; Fusaya, Masahiro; Ohura, Takeshi; Amagai, Takashi A simple method for screening emission sources of carbonyl compounds in indoor air Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 178, no. 1, pp. 370 - 376, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{YAMASHITA2010370,
title = {A simple method for screening emission sources of carbonyl compounds in indoor air},
author = {Shohei Yamashita and Kazunari Kume and Toshiyuki Horiike and Nobuyuki Honma and Masahiro Fusaya and Takeshi Ohura and Takashi Amagai},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389410001251},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.089},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {178},
number = {1},
pages = {370 - 376},
abstract = {Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from building and furnishing materials are frequently observed in high concentrations in indoor air. Nondestructive analytical methods that determine the main parameters influencing concentration of the chemical substances are necessary to screen for sources of VOC emissions. Toward this goal, we have developed a new flux sampler, referred to herein as an emission cell for simultaneous multi-sampling (ECSMS), that is used for screening indoor emission sources of VOCs and for determining the emission rates of these sources. Because the ECSMS is based on passive sampling, it can be easily used on-site at a low cost. Among VOCs, low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds including formaldehyde are frequently detected at high concentrations in indoor environments. In this study, we determined the reliability of the ECSMS for the collection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds emitted from wood-based composites of medium density fiberboards and particleboards. We then used emission rates determined by the ECSMS to predict airborne concentrations of formaldehyde emitted from a bookshelf in a large chamber, and these data were compared to formaldehyde concentrations that were acquired simultaneously by means of an active sampling method. The values obtained from the two methods were quite similar, suggesting that ECSMS measurement is an effective method for screening primary sources influencing indoor concentrations of formaldehyde.},
keywords = {Carbonyl compound, Emission source, Flux sampler, Formaldehyde, Indoor environment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from building and furnishing materials are frequently observed in high concentrations in indoor air. Nondestructive analytical methods that determine the main parameters influencing concentration of the chemical substances are necessary to screen for sources of VOC emissions. Toward this goal, we have developed a new flux sampler, referred to herein as an emission cell for simultaneous multi-sampling (ECSMS), that is used for screening indoor emission sources of VOCs and for determining the emission rates of these sources. Because the ECSMS is based on passive sampling, it can be easily used on-site at a low cost. Among VOCs, low-molecular-weight carbonyl compounds including formaldehyde are frequently detected at high concentrations in indoor environments. In this study, we determined the reliability of the ECSMS for the collection of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds emitted from wood-based composites of medium density fiberboards and particleboards. We then used emission rates determined by the ECSMS to predict airborne concentrations of formaldehyde emitted from a bookshelf in a large chamber, and these data were compared to formaldehyde concentrations that were acquired simultaneously by means of an active sampling method. The values obtained from the two methods were quite similar, suggesting that ECSMS measurement is an effective method for screening primary sources influencing indoor concentrations of formaldehyde. |
Kim, Ki-Wook; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong; Park, Jin Chul Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20L chamber and FLEC Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 90-94, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{KIM201090b,
title = {Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20L chamber and FLEC},
author = {Ki-Wook Kim and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim and Jin Chul Park},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409015210},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.060},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {177},
number = {1},
pages = {90-94},
abstract = {Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF.},
keywords = {Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), Formaldehyde, Small chamber, Surface materials, Total volatile organic compound},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF. |
Kim, Ki Wook; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun Joong; Park, Jin Chul Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20 L chamber and FLEC Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 177, iss. 1-3, pp. 90-94, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{Kim2010,
title = {Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20 L chamber and FLEC},
author = {Ki Wook Kim and Sumin Kim and Hyun Joong Kim and Jin Chul Park},
doi = {10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2009.09.060},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {177},
issue = {1-3},
pages = {90-94},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20. L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20. L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.},
keywords = {Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), Formaldehyde, Small chamber, Surface materials, Total volatile organic compound},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20. L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20. L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF. © 2009 Elsevier B.V. |
2009
|
Shinohara, Naohide; Kai, Yuya; Mizukoshi, Atsushi; Fujii, Minoru; Kumagai, Kazukiyo; Okuizumi, Yumiko; Jona, Miki; Yanagisawa, Yukio On-site passive flux sampler measurement of emission rates of carbonyls and VOCs from multiple indoor sources Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 859 - 863, 2009, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{SHINOHARA2009859,
title = {On-site passive flux sampler measurement of emission rates of carbonyls and VOCs from multiple indoor sources},
author = {Naohide Shinohara and Yuya Kai and Atsushi Mizukoshi and Minoru Fujii and Kazukiyo Kumagai and Yumiko Okuizumi and Miki Jona and Yukio Yanagisawa},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132308001479},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.06.007},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {44},
number = {5},
pages = {859 - 863},
abstract = {In indoor environments with high levels of air pollution, it is desirable to remove major sources of emissions to improve air quality. In order to identify the emission sources that contribute most to the concentrations of indoor air pollutants, we used passive flux samplers (PFSs) to measure emission rates of carbonyl compounds and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from many of the building materials and furnishings present in a room in a reinforced concrete building in Tokyo, Japan. The emission flux of formaldehyde from a desk was high (125μg/m2/h), whereas fluxes from a door and flooring were low (21.5 and 16.5μg/m2/h, respectively). The emission fluxes of toluene from the ceiling and the carpet were high (80.0 and 72.3μg/m2/h, respectively), whereas that from the flooring was low (9.09μg/m2/h). The indoor and outdoor concentrations of formaldehyde were 61.5 and 8.64μg/m3, respectively, and those of toluene were 43.2 and 17.5μg/m3, respectively. The air exchange rate of the room as measured by the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) method was 1.84/h. Taking into consideration the area of the emission sources, the carpet, ceiling, and walls were identified as the principal emission sources, contributing 24%, 20%, and 22% of the formaldehyde, respectively, and 22%, 27%, and 14% of the toluene, respectively, assuming that the emission rate from every major emission sources could be measured. In contrast, the door, the flooring, and the desk contributed little to the indoor levels of formaldehyde (1.0%, 0.54%, and 4.1%, respectively) and toluene (2.2%, 0.31%, and 0.85%, respectively).},
keywords = {Air exchange rates, Boundary layer, Building material, Emission rates, Emission source, Flux, Formaldehyde, Toluene},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In indoor environments with high levels of air pollution, it is desirable to remove major sources of emissions to improve air quality. In order to identify the emission sources that contribute most to the concentrations of indoor air pollutants, we used passive flux samplers (PFSs) to measure emission rates of carbonyl compounds and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from many of the building materials and furnishings present in a room in a reinforced concrete building in Tokyo, Japan. The emission flux of formaldehyde from a desk was high (125μg/m2/h), whereas fluxes from a door and flooring were low (21.5 and 16.5μg/m2/h, respectively). The emission fluxes of toluene from the ceiling and the carpet were high (80.0 and 72.3μg/m2/h, respectively), whereas that from the flooring was low (9.09μg/m2/h). The indoor and outdoor concentrations of formaldehyde were 61.5 and 8.64μg/m3, respectively, and those of toluene were 43.2 and 17.5μg/m3, respectively. The air exchange rate of the room as measured by the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) method was 1.84/h. Taking into consideration the area of the emission sources, the carpet, ceiling, and walls were identified as the principal emission sources, contributing 24%, 20%, and 22% of the formaldehyde, respectively, and 22%, 27%, and 14% of the toluene, respectively, assuming that the emission rate from every major emission sources could be measured. In contrast, the door, the flooring, and the desk contributed little to the indoor levels of formaldehyde (1.0%, 0.54%, and 4.1%, respectively) and toluene (2.2%, 0.31%, and 0.85%, respectively). |
Kim, Sumin Environment-friendly adhesives for surface bonding of wood-based flooring using natural tannin to reduce formaldehyde and TVOC emission Journal Article In: Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 744 - 748, 2009, ISSN: 0960-8524. @article{KIM2009744,
title = {Environment-friendly adhesives for surface bonding of wood-based flooring using natural tannin to reduce formaldehyde and TVOC emission},
author = {Sumin Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852408005853},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.06.062},
issn = {0960-8524},
year = {2009},
date = {2009-01-01},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
volume = {100},
number = {2},
pages = {744 - 748},
abstract = {The objective of this research was to develop environment-friendly adhesives for face fancy veneer bonding of engineered flooring using the natural tannin form bark in the wood. The natural wattle tannin adhesive were used to replace UF resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system in order to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. PVAc was added to the natural tannin adhesive to increase viscosity of tannin adhesive for surface bonding. For tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of PVAc to the natural tannin adhesives were added. tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives showed better bonding than the commercial natural tannin adhesive with a higher level of wood penetration. The initial adhesion strength was sufficient to be maintained within the optimum initial tack range. The standard formaldehyde emission test (desiccator method), field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) and VOC analyzer were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with commercial the natural tannin adhesive and tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives. By desiccator method and FLEC, the formaldehyde emission level of each adhesive showed the similar tendency. All adhesives satisfied the E1 grade (below 1.5mg/L) and E0 grade (below 0.5mg/L) with UV coating. VOC emission results by FLEC and VOC analyzer were different with the formaldehyde emission results. TVOC emission was slightly increased as adding PVAc.},
keywords = {Environment-friendly adhesive, Formaldehyde, Natural tannin, TVOC, Wood-based flooring},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The objective of this research was to develop environment-friendly adhesives for face fancy veneer bonding of engineered flooring using the natural tannin form bark in the wood. The natural wattle tannin adhesive were used to replace UF resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system in order to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. PVAc was added to the natural tannin adhesive to increase viscosity of tannin adhesive for surface bonding. For tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of PVAc to the natural tannin adhesives were added. tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives showed better bonding than the commercial natural tannin adhesive with a higher level of wood penetration. The initial adhesion strength was sufficient to be maintained within the optimum initial tack range. The standard formaldehyde emission test (desiccator method), field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) and VOC analyzer were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with commercial the natural tannin adhesive and tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives. By desiccator method and FLEC, the formaldehyde emission level of each adhesive showed the similar tendency. All adhesives satisfied the E1 grade (below 1.5mg/L) and E0 grade (below 0.5mg/L) with UV coating. VOC emission results by FLEC and VOC analyzer were different with the formaldehyde emission results. TVOC emission was slightly increased as adding PVAc. |
2007
|
Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Matsushima, Erica; Kitao, Nahoko; Tokunaga, Hiroshi; Ando, Masanori; Otsubo, Yasufumi Effect of natural compounds on reducing formaldehyde emission from plywood Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 41, no. 38, pp. 8825 - 8830, 2007, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{UCHIYAMA20078825,
title = {Effect of natural compounds on reducing formaldehyde emission from plywood},
author = {Shigehisa Uchiyama and Erica Matsushima and Nahoko Kitao and Hiroshi Tokunaga and Masanori Ando and Yasufumi Otsubo},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231007008564},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.046},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {41},
number = {38},
pages = {8825 - 8830},
abstract = {The effects of natural compounds on reducing formaldehyde emission from plywood were investigated. Urea, catechin and vanillin were examined as the natural formaldehyde reducers. The microemission cell, with an internal volume of 35ml, the maximum exposed test surface area of 177cm2 and an air purge flow rate of 50mlmin−1, was used to measure specific emission rate (SER). In the case of no reducer treatment, formaldehyde emission from plywood was fast and SERs were 4.4mgm−2h−1 at 30°C and 15mgm−2h−1 at 60°C. When this plywood was treated with the natural compounds, the SERs of formaldehyde were decreased at all temperatures. In the case of urea treatment, the SERs of formaldehyde decreased to 0.30mgm−2h−1 at 30°C and 0.65mgm−2h−1 at 60°C. When the urea treatment was applied to the inside of kitchen cabinet (made from plywood; 270cm wide, 60cm deep, 250cm high), the concentration of formaldehyde was reduced substantially from 1600 to 130μgm−3. The reducing effect of formaldehyde continued during the observation period (6 months), with a mean concentration of 100μgm−3. Reducers in the plywood would react with released formaldehyde. Application of natural compounds such as urea, catechin and vanillin could provide a simple and effective approach for suppressing formaldehyde emission from plywood.},
keywords = {Emission control, Formaldehyde, Indoor air, Natural compounds, Urea},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The effects of natural compounds on reducing formaldehyde emission from plywood were investigated. Urea, catechin and vanillin were examined as the natural formaldehyde reducers. The microemission cell, with an internal volume of 35ml, the maximum exposed test surface area of 177cm2 and an air purge flow rate of 50mlmin−1, was used to measure specific emission rate (SER). In the case of no reducer treatment, formaldehyde emission from plywood was fast and SERs were 4.4mgm−2h−1 at 30°C and 15mgm−2h−1 at 60°C. When this plywood was treated with the natural compounds, the SERs of formaldehyde were decreased at all temperatures. In the case of urea treatment, the SERs of formaldehyde decreased to 0.30mgm−2h−1 at 30°C and 0.65mgm−2h−1 at 60°C. When the urea treatment was applied to the inside of kitchen cabinet (made from plywood; 270cm wide, 60cm deep, 250cm high), the concentration of formaldehyde was reduced substantially from 1600 to 130μgm−3. The reducing effect of formaldehyde continued during the observation period (6 months), with a mean concentration of 100μgm−3. Reducers in the plywood would react with released formaldehyde. Application of natural compounds such as urea, catechin and vanillin could provide a simple and effective approach for suppressing formaldehyde emission from plywood. |
Järnström, H; Saarela, K; Kalliokoski, P; Pasanen, A -L Reference values for structure emissions measured on site in new residential buildings in Finland Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 41, no. 11, pp. 2290 - 2302, 2007, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{JARNSTROM20072290,
title = {Reference values for structure emissions measured on site in new residential buildings in Finland},
author = {H Järnström and K Saarela and P Kalliokoski and A -L Pasanen},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231006011320},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.033},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {41},
number = {11},
pages = {2290 - 2302},
abstract = {A 3-year research project was established in 1999 to create numerical reference data for material emissions during the time of construction and during the first year. Seven buildings, representing the present construction practice in Finland, were investigated. Material emissions were measured by using the field and laboratory cell (FLEC) during the time of construction, in the newly finished, and in the 6- and 12-month-old buildings. The emission rates for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and ammonia were determined. The highest total VOCs (TVOC) emissions were measured in the newly finished buildings from the ceiling structure and from some of the PVC floor coverings. These emissions were up to 1300–2000μgm−2h−1. Individual VOCs with emission rates above 50μgm−2h−1 included 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol and its acetate, C4–C16-substituted alkylbenzenes, and xylenes. The mean TVOC emission decreased at least to the Finnish M1-class level (200μgm−2h−1) from all surfaces and in all the buildings in 6–12 months. The ammonia and formaldehyde emissions from the ceiling structure were 20–60μgm−2h−1 in the newly finished buildings and the M1-levels (30/50μgm−2h−1) were exceeded in some cases. These emissions even increased in some buildings during the follow-up period indicating the difference between emissions measured in the laboratory and on site from real structures. Reference values based on the means and 95th percentile are presented to be utilised in both quality control and while investigating indoor air quality problems which are suspected to be caused by a defect structure.},
keywords = {Ammonia, Formaldehyde, Material emission, Reference value, VOC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A 3-year research project was established in 1999 to create numerical reference data for material emissions during the time of construction and during the first year. Seven buildings, representing the present construction practice in Finland, were investigated. Material emissions were measured by using the field and laboratory cell (FLEC) during the time of construction, in the newly finished, and in the 6- and 12-month-old buildings. The emission rates for volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and ammonia were determined. The highest total VOCs (TVOC) emissions were measured in the newly finished buildings from the ceiling structure and from some of the PVC floor coverings. These emissions were up to 1300–2000μgm−2h−1. Individual VOCs with emission rates above 50μgm−2h−1 included 2-(2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol and its acetate, C4–C16-substituted alkylbenzenes, and xylenes. The mean TVOC emission decreased at least to the Finnish M1-class level (200μgm−2h−1) from all surfaces and in all the buildings in 6–12 months. The ammonia and formaldehyde emissions from the ceiling structure were 20–60μgm−2h−1 in the newly finished buildings and the M1-levels (30/50μgm−2h−1) were exceeded in some cases. These emissions even increased in some buildings during the follow-up period indicating the difference between emissions measured in the laboratory and on site from real structures. Reference values based on the means and 95th percentile are presented to be utilised in both quality control and while investigating indoor air quality problems which are suspected to be caused by a defect structure. |
Shinohara, Naohide; Fujii, Minoru; Yamasaki, Akihiro; Yanagisawa, Yukio Passive flux sampler for measurement of formaldehyde emission rates Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 41, no. 19, pp. 4018 - 4028, 2007, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{SHINOHARA20074018,
title = {Passive flux sampler for measurement of formaldehyde emission rates},
author = {Naohide Shinohara and Minoru Fujii and Akihiro Yamasaki and Yukio Yanagisawa},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231007000969},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.028},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2007},
date = {2007-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {41},
number = {19},
pages = {4018 - 4028},
abstract = {A new passive flux sampler (PFS) was developed to measure emission rates of formaldehyde and to determine emission sources in indoor environments. The sampler consisted of a glass Petri dish containing a 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH)-impregnated sheet. At the start of sampling, the PFS was placed with the open face of the dish on each of the indoor materials under investigation, such as flooring, walls, doors, closets, desks, beds, etc. Formaldehyde emitted from a source material diffused through the inside of the PFS and was adsorbed onto the DNPH sheet. The formaldehyde emission rates could be determined from the quantities adsorbed. The lower determination limits were 9.2 and 2.3μgm−2h−1 for 2- and 8-h sampling periods. The recovery rate and the precision of the PFS were 82.9% and 8.26%, respectively. The emission rates measured by PFS were in good agreement with the emission rates measured by the chamber method (R2=0.963). This shows that it is possible to take measurements of the formaldehyde emission rates from sources in a room and to compare them. In addition, the sampler can be used to elucidate the emission characteristics of a source by carrying out emission measurements with different air-layer thicknesses inside the PFS and at different temperatures. The dependency of the emission rate on the thickness of the air layer inside the PFS indicated whether the internal mass transfer inside the source material or the diffusion in the gas-phase boundary layer controlled the formaldehyde emission rate from a material. In addition, as a pilot study, the formaldehyde emission rates were measured, and the largest emission source of formaldehyde could be identified from among several suspected materials in a model house by using the PFS.},
keywords = {Boundary layer, Emission source, Flux, Formaldehyde, Passive sampler, Rate-limiting process},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A new passive flux sampler (PFS) was developed to measure emission rates of formaldehyde and to determine emission sources in indoor environments. The sampler consisted of a glass Petri dish containing a 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH)-impregnated sheet. At the start of sampling, the PFS was placed with the open face of the dish on each of the indoor materials under investigation, such as flooring, walls, doors, closets, desks, beds, etc. Formaldehyde emitted from a source material diffused through the inside of the PFS and was adsorbed onto the DNPH sheet. The formaldehyde emission rates could be determined from the quantities adsorbed. The lower determination limits were 9.2 and 2.3μgm−2h−1 for 2- and 8-h sampling periods. The recovery rate and the precision of the PFS were 82.9% and 8.26%, respectively. The emission rates measured by PFS were in good agreement with the emission rates measured by the chamber method (R2=0.963). This shows that it is possible to take measurements of the formaldehyde emission rates from sources in a room and to compare them. In addition, the sampler can be used to elucidate the emission characteristics of a source by carrying out emission measurements with different air-layer thicknesses inside the PFS and at different temperatures. The dependency of the emission rate on the thickness of the air layer inside the PFS indicated whether the internal mass transfer inside the source material or the diffusion in the gas-phase boundary layer controlled the formaldehyde emission rate from a material. In addition, as a pilot study, the formaldehyde emission rates were measured, and the largest emission source of formaldehyde could be identified from among several suspected materials in a model house by using the PFS. |
