2015
|
Liang, Yirui; Caillot, Olivier; Zhang, Jianshun; Zhu, Jiping; Xu, Ying Large-scale chamber investigation and simulation of phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 89, pp. 141 - 149, 2015, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{LIANG2015141,
title = {Large-scale chamber investigation and simulation of phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring},
author = {Yirui Liang and Olivier Caillot and Jianshun Zhang and Jiping Zhu and Ying Xu},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315000797},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.022},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {89},
pages = {141 - 149},
abstract = {This study investigated phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring in a large-scale chamber. Vinyl flooring materials were examined for their phthalates content; one with high contents of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was selected for emissions testing in a small chamber at two different temperatures. Using the same type of vinyl flooring, large-scale chamber experiments were then conducted in three testing phases. In the first phase, the gas-phase concentrations of DINP and DEHP in the large chamber at 36 °C were about three times lower than those in the small chamber under the same temperature, which is consistent with its lower area/volume ratio. In the second phase, when a large air mixing fan inside the chamber was replaced with a small fan, the gas-phase concentrations of DINP and DEHP in the large chamber were reduced slightly, due to the decease of mass transfer coefficient and emission rate. During the last phase, when the temperature of the chamber was reduced to 25 °C, phthalate concentrations dropped instantly and steeply due to the significantly reduced emissions. However, they did not decrease as quickly thereafter because of desorption of phthalates from the internal surfaces of the large chamber. A fundamental mechanistic model was developed to interpret the experimental results in the large chamber based on the emission characteristics obtained in the small chamber measurements. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the model calculation and experimental data. Further model simulations show that temperature and air mixing above the source material have important effects on the fate of phthalates, while the impact of air change rate (ACH) is not significant.},
keywords = {Emission, Large-scale chamber, Modeling, Phthalates, Sorption, SVOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study investigated phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring in a large-scale chamber. Vinyl flooring materials were examined for their phthalates content; one with high contents of diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was selected for emissions testing in a small chamber at two different temperatures. Using the same type of vinyl flooring, large-scale chamber experiments were then conducted in three testing phases. In the first phase, the gas-phase concentrations of DINP and DEHP in the large chamber at 36 °C were about three times lower than those in the small chamber under the same temperature, which is consistent with its lower area/volume ratio. In the second phase, when a large air mixing fan inside the chamber was replaced with a small fan, the gas-phase concentrations of DINP and DEHP in the large chamber were reduced slightly, due to the decease of mass transfer coefficient and emission rate. During the last phase, when the temperature of the chamber was reduced to 25 °C, phthalate concentrations dropped instantly and steeply due to the significantly reduced emissions. However, they did not decrease as quickly thereafter because of desorption of phthalates from the internal surfaces of the large chamber. A fundamental mechanistic model was developed to interpret the experimental results in the large chamber based on the emission characteristics obtained in the small chamber measurements. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the model calculation and experimental data. Further model simulations show that temperature and air mixing above the source material have important effects on the fate of phthalates, while the impact of air change rate (ACH) is not significant. |
Liang, Yirui; Xu, Ying The influence of surface sorption and air flow rate on phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring: Measurement and modeling Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 103, pp. 147 - 155, 2015, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{LIANG2015147,
title = {The influence of surface sorption and air flow rate on phthalate emissions from vinyl flooring: Measurement and modeling},
author = {Yirui Liang and Ying Xu},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014009777},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.12.029},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {103},
pages = {147 - 155},
abstract = {This study investigated the influences of surface sorption and air flow rate on the emission of phthalates from building materials. Controlled tests were conducted in specially designed stainless steel and wood chambers, and the steady-state concentration in the stainless steel chamber was about 2–3 times higher than that in the wood chamber for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). The emission rate of phthalates increased in the wood chamber due to the diffusion mass flow through the chamber wall (i.e., surface absorption). The adsorption isotherm of phthalates on the stainless steel surface and the absorption parameters (i.e., diffusion and partition coefficients) of phthalates on the wood surface were determined experimentally, and the values were comparable to those in the literature. The equilibration time scale for phthalates absorbed to the sink reservoir in actual indoor environments was estimated and can be substantial (approximately 80 years), indicating that surface absorption may continuously drive phthalates from their indoor sources to various sinks and thus significantly increase the emission rate of phthalates. The gas-phase concentration of DEHP was measured in two stainless steel chambers operated at flow rates of 300 mL/min and 3000 mL/min, respectively, which were both adjusted to 1000 mL/min after steady state was reached. The gas-phase concentration of DEHP in the chamber was very sensitive to the chamber air flow rate, and higher air flow rates resulted in lower concentration levels. However, the increased emission rate compensated for the dilution in the gas phase and made the DEHP concentration not drop substantially with an increase in the air flow rate. Independently measured or calculated parameters were used to validate a semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emission model that included absorptive surfaces and for a range of air flow rates, with excellent agreement between the model predictions and the observed chamber concentrations of phthalates.},
keywords = {Air flow rate, Chamber test, Model, Phthalates, Surface absorption, SVOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study investigated the influences of surface sorption and air flow rate on the emission of phthalates from building materials. Controlled tests were conducted in specially designed stainless steel and wood chambers, and the steady-state concentration in the stainless steel chamber was about 2–3 times higher than that in the wood chamber for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and diisononyl phthalate (DINP). The emission rate of phthalates increased in the wood chamber due to the diffusion mass flow through the chamber wall (i.e., surface absorption). The adsorption isotherm of phthalates on the stainless steel surface and the absorption parameters (i.e., diffusion and partition coefficients) of phthalates on the wood surface were determined experimentally, and the values were comparable to those in the literature. The equilibration time scale for phthalates absorbed to the sink reservoir in actual indoor environments was estimated and can be substantial (approximately 80 years), indicating that surface absorption may continuously drive phthalates from their indoor sources to various sinks and thus significantly increase the emission rate of phthalates. The gas-phase concentration of DEHP was measured in two stainless steel chambers operated at flow rates of 300 mL/min and 3000 mL/min, respectively, which were both adjusted to 1000 mL/min after steady state was reached. The gas-phase concentration of DEHP in the chamber was very sensitive to the chamber air flow rate, and higher air flow rates resulted in lower concentration levels. However, the increased emission rate compensated for the dilution in the gas phase and made the DEHP concentration not drop substantially with an increase in the air flow rate. Independently measured or calculated parameters were used to validate a semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emission model that included absorptive surfaces and for a range of air flow rates, with excellent agreement between the model predictions and the observed chamber concentrations of phthalates. |
Poulhet, Guillaume; Dusanter, Sébastien; Crunaire, Sabine; Locoge, Nadine; Kaluzny, Pascal; Coddeville, Patrice Recent developments of passive samplers for measuring material emission rates: Toward simple tools to help improving indoor air quality Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 93, pp. 106 - 114, 2015, ISSN: 0360-1323, (Special Issue: Indoor pollutants, chemistry and health- Selected papers presented at Indoor Air 2014 conference in Hong Kong). @article{POULHET2015106,
title = {Recent developments of passive samplers for measuring material emission rates: Toward simple tools to help improving indoor air quality},
author = {Guillaume Poulhet and Sébastien Dusanter and Sabine Crunaire and Nadine Locoge and Pascal Kaluzny and Patrice Coddeville},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132315000918},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2015.02.034},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {93},
pages = {106 - 114},
abstract = {Passive samplers have recently been proposed as simple and inexpensive tools to measure emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from building and furnishing materials. These samplers can be used to pinpoint strong emitters of targeted pollutants, including hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs, which is of great interest to design efficient strategies aimed at improving indoor air quality. A passive sampler consists of a small cell that is exposed on a flat surface to trap material emissions. Three Passive Flux Samplers (PFS) have been developed at Mines Douai, an engineering school from Northern France, to carry out source apportionment studies of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, and higher molecular weight compounds. Over a 6-h exposure duration, these PFS exhibit linear responses and detection limits of a few μg m−2 h−1 that are low enough for monitoring material emissions and to perform extensive source apportionment studies. A few other samplers, designed using different geometries, have also been proposed in the literature. This publication summarizes findings on the development and the use of passive samplers with the objective to highlight the potential of these new tools for indoor air quality studies.},
note = {Special Issue: Indoor pollutants, chemistry and health- Selected papers presented at Indoor Air 2014 conference in Hong Kong},
keywords = {emission rate, Formaldehyde, Hydrocarbons, Indoor emissions, Passive flux sampler, Source apportionment},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Passive samplers have recently been proposed as simple and inexpensive tools to measure emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from building and furnishing materials. These samplers can be used to pinpoint strong emitters of targeted pollutants, including hydrocarbons and oxygenated VOCs, which is of great interest to design efficient strategies aimed at improving indoor air quality. A passive sampler consists of a small cell that is exposed on a flat surface to trap material emissions. Three Passive Flux Samplers (PFS) have been developed at Mines Douai, an engineering school from Northern France, to carry out source apportionment studies of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzene, toluene, xylenes, and higher molecular weight compounds. Over a 6-h exposure duration, these PFS exhibit linear responses and detection limits of a few μg m−2 h−1 that are low enough for monitoring material emissions and to perform extensive source apportionment studies. A few other samplers, designed using different geometries, have also been proposed in the literature. This publication summarizes findings on the development and the use of passive samplers with the objective to highlight the potential of these new tools for indoor air quality studies. |
Tang, S W; Chen, E; Li, Z J; Shao, H Y Assessment of steady state diffusion of volatile organic compounds in unsaturated building materials based on fractal diffusion model Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 84, pp. 221 - 227, 2015, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{TANG2015221,
title = {Assessment of steady state diffusion of volatile organic compounds in unsaturated building materials based on fractal diffusion model},
author = {S W Tang and E Chen and Z J Li and H Y Shao},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132314003692},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.11.016},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {84},
pages = {221 - 227},
abstract = {This paper presents a preliminary work to evaluate the steady state diffusion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unsaturated building materials based on a newly-proposed fractal diffusion model. This model studies the contributions of water and gas to the diffusion transportation in unsaturated building materials, involves geometry parameters of unsaturated building materials, fractal dimensions, minimal and maximal pore diameters. In this model, the derivation of some parameters is assisted by newly-established three phases fractal carpet consisting of middle and peripheral parts that represent gas and water occupied regions in the unsaturated building materials. The influences of some structural parameters (removed number, recursion number and size) of fractal carpet on diffusion performance have been discussed. Additionally, the effective diffusion coefficients of various kinds of volatile organic compounds (formaldehyde, methanol, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, Ethylbenzene, xylene isomers, benzene and toluene) are also compared based on this fractal model. Formaldehyde exhibits the largest value of effective diffusion coefficient among selected VOCs.},
keywords = {Building materials, Fractal, Pore structure, Steady state diffusion, Unsaturated, Volatile organic compounds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper presents a preliminary work to evaluate the steady state diffusion of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in unsaturated building materials based on a newly-proposed fractal diffusion model. This model studies the contributions of water and gas to the diffusion transportation in unsaturated building materials, involves geometry parameters of unsaturated building materials, fractal dimensions, minimal and maximal pore diameters. In this model, the derivation of some parameters is assisted by newly-established three phases fractal carpet consisting of middle and peripheral parts that represent gas and water occupied regions in the unsaturated building materials. The influences of some structural parameters (removed number, recursion number and size) of fractal carpet on diffusion performance have been discussed. Additionally, the effective diffusion coefficients of various kinds of volatile organic compounds (formaldehyde, methanol, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, Ethylbenzene, xylene isomers, benzene and toluene) are also compared based on this fractal model. Formaldehyde exhibits the largest value of effective diffusion coefficient among selected VOCs. |
Rizk, M.; Verriele, M.; Mendez, M.; Dusanter, S.; Schoemaecker, C.; Calvé, S. Le; Locoge, N. In-situ measurements of sorption parameters with a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC): A comparison to the test emission chamber method Journal Article In: WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment, vol. 198, 2015, ISSN: 17433541. @article{Rizk2015,
title = {In-situ measurements of sorption parameters with a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC): A comparison to the test emission chamber method},
author = {M. Rizk and M. Verriele and M. Mendez and S. Dusanter and C. Schoemaecker and S. Le Calvé and N. Locoge},
doi = {10.2495/AIR150281},
issn = {17433541},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment},
volume = {198},
abstract = {A new method has been developed to measure sorption parameters on indoor surfaces on the field, based on the coupling of a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) and a Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS). In this work, the method used for field applications is compared to the conventional method (used for laboratory scale experiment only) based on a 50-liter glass chamber (CLIMPAQ) coupled to an on-line GC analyser. The sorption of ethyl benzene on an unpainted gypsum board (exposed to a BTEX mixture) is presented. The CLIMPAQ experiment takes 13 times (160 hours) more than a FLEC experiment (12 hours). In addition, the FLEC walls do not present any sorption effect on internal walls while the CLIMPAQ shows important sink effect that can reach 45 ± 2% of the total amount of injected concentration. The sorption parameters ka and kd were derived from the experimental concentration profiles using Tichenor’s model and taking into account the walls sink effect for the CLIMPAQ. While the analysis of the FLEC data is very responsive to sorption parameters variation, the CLIMPAQ one leads to a large range of solutions for the same experimental profile. Therefore, the FLEC method is useful to measure ccurately and within few hours sorption parameters in real indoor environments.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A new method has been developed to measure sorption parameters on indoor surfaces on the field, based on the coupling of a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) and a Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS). In this work, the method used for field applications is compared to the conventional method (used for laboratory scale experiment only) based on a 50-liter glass chamber (CLIMPAQ) coupled to an on-line GC analyser. The sorption of ethyl benzene on an unpainted gypsum board (exposed to a BTEX mixture) is presented. The CLIMPAQ experiment takes 13 times (160 hours) more than a FLEC experiment (12 hours). In addition, the FLEC walls do not present any sorption effect on internal walls while the CLIMPAQ shows important sink effect that can reach 45 ± 2% of the total amount of injected concentration. The sorption parameters ka and kd were derived from the experimental concentration profiles using Tichenor’s model and taking into account the walls sink effect for the CLIMPAQ. While the analysis of the FLEC data is very responsive to sorption parameters variation, the CLIMPAQ one leads to a large range of solutions for the same experimental profile. Therefore, the FLEC method is useful to measure ccurately and within few hours sorption parameters in real indoor environments. |
Rizk, M.; Verriele, M.; Dusanter, S.; Schoemaecker, C.; Calve, S. Le; Locoge, N. In-situ measurements of volatile organic compound sorption coefficients on building materials: First field campaign in a low energy building. Proceedings Article In: 2015. @inproceedings{Rizk2015b,
title = {In-situ measurements of volatile organic compound sorption coefficients on building materials: First field campaign in a low energy building.},
author = {M. Rizk and M. Verriele and S. Dusanter and C. Schoemaecker and S. Le Calve and N. Locoge},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Healthy Buildings Europe 2015, HB 2015 - Conference Proceedings},
volume = {2015-May},
abstract = {A transportable device based on the coupling of a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) and a Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) has been used for the first time to perform in-situ measurements of sorption parameters. The measurements were carried out during an intensive field campaign conducted in a low energy French school. Sorption coefficients of 14 volatile organic compounds were successfully measured for 10 different surfaces within a few hours for each surface (<12 hours/surface). The measurements indicate that sorption parameters can be significantly different between surfaces and stress out the need for in-situ measurements of sorption parameters. These results can be useful as inputs for new indoor air quality models, whose purpose is to predict indoor concentrations of VOCs.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
A transportable device based on the coupling of a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) and a Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometer (PTR-MS) has been used for the first time to perform in-situ measurements of sorption parameters. The measurements were carried out during an intensive field campaign conducted in a low energy French school. Sorption coefficients of 14 volatile organic compounds were successfully measured for 10 different surfaces within a few hours for each surface (<12 hours/surface). The measurements indicate that sorption parameters can be significantly different between surfaces and stress out the need for in-situ measurements of sorption parameters. These results can be useful as inputs for new indoor air quality models, whose purpose is to predict indoor concentrations of VOCs. |
Ward, Michael K. M.; Mendez, Maxence; Schoemaecker, Coralie VOC emissions from Ozone initiated surface reactions with PVC flooring from a classroom Proceedings Article In: 2015. @inproceedings{Ward2015,
title = {VOC emissions from Ozone initiated surface reactions with PVC flooring from a classroom},
author = {Michael K. M. Ward and Maxence Mendez and Coralie Schoemaecker},
year = {2015},
date = {2015-01-01},
journal = {Healthy Buildings Europe 2015, HB 2015 - Conference Proceedings},
volume = {2015-May},
abstract = {Ozone, O3, is an important outdoor pollutant that is brought to the indoor air by ventilation. In most indoor environments, the ozone concentration is significantly lower than the outdoor one due to gas-phase reactions and surface removal. In this work, ozone deposition is considered as a surface reaction between ozone and unsaturated organics on a PVC material surface. These reactions produce pollutants that can be released into the gas-phase as secondary emissions. As part of the MERMAID project, which includes indoor and outdoor volatile organic compound (VOC) quantification and measurements of surface emissions and sorption parameters, experiments on the heterogenoeus uptake of O3 on PVC flooring in an indoor school environment have been performed using a field and lab emission cell (FLEC) combined with a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). The use of the PTR-ToF-MS provides sensitive quantification of VOC concentrations (ppbv) with a time resolution of 1-2 minutes. The observation of several VOC products formed due to the reactive uptake of O3 has been made. As observed in the gas-phase chemistry of ozone, the ozonolysis of unsaturated organic species leads to the release of aldehydes. Concentration profiles of some species as well as O3 have been used in optimising a model describing the uptake of O3 onto a PVC surface.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Ozone, O3, is an important outdoor pollutant that is brought to the indoor air by ventilation. In most indoor environments, the ozone concentration is significantly lower than the outdoor one due to gas-phase reactions and surface removal. In this work, ozone deposition is considered as a surface reaction between ozone and unsaturated organics on a PVC material surface. These reactions produce pollutants that can be released into the gas-phase as secondary emissions. As part of the MERMAID project, which includes indoor and outdoor volatile organic compound (VOC) quantification and measurements of surface emissions and sorption parameters, experiments on the heterogenoeus uptake of O3 on PVC flooring in an indoor school environment have been performed using a field and lab emission cell (FLEC) combined with a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS). The use of the PTR-ToF-MS provides sensitive quantification of VOC concentrations (ppbv) with a time resolution of 1-2 minutes. The observation of several VOC products formed due to the reactive uptake of O3 has been made. As observed in the gas-phase chemistry of ozone, the ozonolysis of unsaturated organic species leads to the release of aldehydes. Concentration profiles of some species as well as O3 have been used in optimising a model describing the uptake of O3 onto a PVC surface. |
2014
|
Chen, Qun; Hu, Kang Prediction model for SVOCs transport in the air and interactions with airborne particles Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 96, pp. 61 - 69, 2014, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{CHEN201461,
title = {Prediction model for SVOCs transport in the air and interactions with airborne particles},
author = {Qun Chen and Kang Hu},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231014005482},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.026},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {96},
pages = {61 - 69},
abstract = {Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), harmful contaminants to human health, have a strong sorption tendency to the airborne particles, which affects the SVOCs transport process in the air and increases the total SVOC concentration. In this paper, a mathematical model for describing the transport mechanism of SVOCs in the air and interactions with airborne particle was proposed. After validated by Benning et al. (2013)'s experimental results, the numerical results by the proposed model show that the particle-phase concentration of DEHP at the chamber outlet reduces rapidly when the air flow rate is higher than 400 mL/min, the particles will go on sorbing/desorbing DEHP in the sampling trains downstream the chamber, smaller particles lead to a higher concentration of particle-phase DEHP in the chamber, and a larger chamber leads to a higher steady-state concentration but a slower process that the DEHP concentration reaches steady-state. Besides, there is a certain range for air flow rate in different chambers, e.g. 100–1000 mL/min in this study, to ensure the sorption of DEHP onto particles reaching the gas-/particle-phase equilibrium and reduce the errors induced by the deposition of particles.},
keywords = {Air pollution, Airborne particle, Mathematical model, Residence time, SVOCs transport},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), harmful contaminants to human health, have a strong sorption tendency to the airborne particles, which affects the SVOCs transport process in the air and increases the total SVOC concentration. In this paper, a mathematical model for describing the transport mechanism of SVOCs in the air and interactions with airborne particle was proposed. After validated by Benning et al. (2013)'s experimental results, the numerical results by the proposed model show that the particle-phase concentration of DEHP at the chamber outlet reduces rapidly when the air flow rate is higher than 400 mL/min, the particles will go on sorbing/desorbing DEHP in the sampling trains downstream the chamber, smaller particles lead to a higher concentration of particle-phase DEHP in the chamber, and a larger chamber leads to a higher steady-state concentration but a slower process that the DEHP concentration reaches steady-state. Besides, there is a certain range for air flow rate in different chambers, e.g. 100–1000 mL/min in this study, to ensure the sorption of DEHP onto particles reaching the gas-/particle-phase equilibrium and reduce the errors induced by the deposition of particles. |
Vibenholt, Anni; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell “FLEC” Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 107, pp. 230 - 239, 2014, ISSN: 0045-6535. @article{VIBENHOLT2014230,
title = {Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell “FLEC”},
author = {Anni Vibenholt and Per Axel Clausen and Peder Wolkoff},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301713X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.048},
issn = {0045-6535},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {107},
pages = {230 - 239},
abstract = {Ozone reacts with C–C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC–MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039–0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6–20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7–C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure.},
keywords = {Aldehydes, FLEC, Floor dust, Indoor air, Ozone, Reaction rate},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ozone reacts with C–C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC–MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039–0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6–20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7–C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. |
Schripp, Tobias; Salthammer, Tunga; Fauck, Christian; Bekö, Gabriel; Weschler, Charles J Latex paint as a delivery vehicle for diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate: Predictable boundary layer concentrations and emission rates Journal Article In: Science of The Total Environment, vol. 494-495, pp. 299 - 305, 2014, ISSN: 0048-9697. @article{SCHRIPP2014299,
title = {Latex paint as a delivery vehicle for diethylphthalate and di-n-butylphthalate: Predictable boundary layer concentrations and emission rates},
author = {Tobias Schripp and Tunga Salthammer and Christian Fauck and Gabriel Bekö and Charles J Weschler},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714010146},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.141},
issn = {0048-9697},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
volume = {494-495},
pages = {299 - 305},
abstract = {The description of emission processes of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from building products requires a detailed understanding of the material and the air flow conditions at the surface boundary. The mass flux between the surface of the material and air depends on the mass transfer coefficient (hm) through the boundary layer, the gas phase concentration of the target compound immediately adjacent to the material (y0), and the gas-phase concentration in bulk air (y(t)). In the present study emission experiments were performed in two chambers of quite different sizes (0.25m3 and 55m3), and, in the larger chamber, at two different temperatures (23°C and 30°C). The emitting material was latex wall paint that had been doped with two plasticizers, diethylphthalate (DEP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP). The phthalate content in the paint was varied in the small chamber experiment to evaluate the impact of the initial concentration in the bulk material (C0) on the emission rate. Boundary layer theory was applied to calculate hm for the specific phthalates from the Sherwood number (Sh) and the diffusion coefficient (Dair). Then y0 was determined based on the bulk gas-phase concentration at steady state (y¯). For both, DEP and DnBP, the y0 obtained was lower than the respective saturation vapor pressure (Ps). Furthermore, for both phthalates in latex paint, the material/air partition coefficient (C0/y0) was close in value to the octanol/air partition coefficient (KOA). This study provides a basis for designing phthalate emitting reference materials that mimic the emission behavior of common building materials.},
keywords = {Boundary layer, Mass transfer coefficient, Material/air partition coefficient, Phthalates, Reference material, Test chamber},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The description of emission processes of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from building products requires a detailed understanding of the material and the air flow conditions at the surface boundary. The mass flux between the surface of the material and air depends on the mass transfer coefficient (hm) through the boundary layer, the gas phase concentration of the target compound immediately adjacent to the material (y0), and the gas-phase concentration in bulk air (y(t)). In the present study emission experiments were performed in two chambers of quite different sizes (0.25m3 and 55m3), and, in the larger chamber, at two different temperatures (23°C and 30°C). The emitting material was latex wall paint that had been doped with two plasticizers, diethylphthalate (DEP) and di-n-butylphthalate (DnBP). The phthalate content in the paint was varied in the small chamber experiment to evaluate the impact of the initial concentration in the bulk material (C0) on the emission rate. Boundary layer theory was applied to calculate hm for the specific phthalates from the Sherwood number (Sh) and the diffusion coefficient (Dair). Then y0 was determined based on the bulk gas-phase concentration at steady state (y¯). For both, DEP and DnBP, the y0 obtained was lower than the respective saturation vapor pressure (Ps). Furthermore, for both phthalates in latex paint, the material/air partition coefficient (C0/y0) was close in value to the octanol/air partition coefficient (KOA). This study provides a basis for designing phthalate emitting reference materials that mimic the emission behavior of common building materials. |
Marć, Mariusz; Namieśnik, Jacek; Zabiegała, Bożena Small-scale passive emission chamber for screening studies on monoterpene emission flux from the surface of wood-based indoor elements Journal Article In: Science of The Total Environment, vol. 481, pp. 35 - 46, 2014, ISSN: 0048-9697. @article{MARC201435,
title = {Small-scale passive emission chamber for screening studies on monoterpene emission flux from the surface of wood-based indoor elements},
author = {Mariusz Marć and Jacek Namieśnik and Bożena Zabiegała},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969714001831},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.021},
issn = {0048-9697},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
volume = {481},
pages = {35 - 46},
abstract = {Analysis of literature data published in the last few years leads to the conclusion that in the process of assessment of emission flux of organic compounds emitted from different types of equipment and finishing materials, new types of devices, among which small-scale passive emission chambers for the performance of in-situ research are designed and applied on a larger scale. These devices can be successfully used for the assessment of emission flux of organic compounds in any location of an apartment, with no interference with its normal exploitation. In the following article the possibility of application of a designed and constructed small-scale passive emission chamber for the evaluation of emission flux of organic compounds (mainly monoterpenes) emitted from the surface of wood-based material made of laminated chipboard has been presented. The emission chamber made from polished stainless steel of the inner volume of 3.65dm3 allows for the examination/assessment of emission flux from the surface of 452cm2. A diffusive passive sampler was installed inside of the small-scale chamber, which enables collecting samples of the analytes emitted from the examined surface of indoor material. The working time of the passive emission chamber equaled 300min. The results of preliminary studies show that, the constructed device can be successfully used for screening studies, related with the determination of emission flux of monoterpenes from any type of wood-based flat surface located indoors.},
keywords = {Emission flux, Indoor air quality, Monoterpenes, Small-scale passive emission chambers, Wood-based materials},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Analysis of literature data published in the last few years leads to the conclusion that in the process of assessment of emission flux of organic compounds emitted from different types of equipment and finishing materials, new types of devices, among which small-scale passive emission chambers for the performance of in-situ research are designed and applied on a larger scale. These devices can be successfully used for the assessment of emission flux of organic compounds in any location of an apartment, with no interference with its normal exploitation. In the following article the possibility of application of a designed and constructed small-scale passive emission chamber for the evaluation of emission flux of organic compounds (mainly monoterpenes) emitted from the surface of wood-based material made of laminated chipboard has been presented. The emission chamber made from polished stainless steel of the inner volume of 3.65dm3 allows for the examination/assessment of emission flux from the surface of 452cm2. A diffusive passive sampler was installed inside of the small-scale chamber, which enables collecting samples of the analytes emitted from the examined surface of indoor material. The working time of the passive emission chamber equaled 300min. The results of preliminary studies show that, the constructed device can be successfully used for screening studies, related with the determination of emission flux of monoterpenes from any type of wood-based flat surface located indoors. |
Rauert, Cassandra; Lazarov, Borislav; Harrad, Stuart; Covaci, Adrian; Stranger, Marianne A review of chamber experiments for determining specific emission rates and investigating migration pathways of flame retardants Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 82, pp. 44 - 55, 2014, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{RAUERT201444,
title = {A review of chamber experiments for determining specific emission rates and investigating migration pathways of flame retardants},
author = {Cassandra Rauert and Borislav Lazarov and Stuart Harrad and Adrian Covaci and Marianne Stranger},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013007565},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.003},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {82},
pages = {44 - 55},
abstract = {The widespread use of flame retardants (FRs) in indoor products has led to their ubiquitous distribution within indoor microenvironments with many studies reporting concentrations in indoor air and dust. Little information is available however on emission of these compounds to air, particularly the measurement of specific emission rates (SERs), or the migration pathways leading to dust contamination. Such knowledge gaps hamper efforts to develop understanding of human exposure. This review summarizes published data on SERs of the following FRs released from treated products: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), including a brief discussion of the methods used to derive these SERs. Also reviewed are published studies that utilize emission chambers for investigations/measurements of mass transfer of FRs to dust, discussing the chamber configurations and methods used for these experiments. A brief review of studies investigating correlations between concentrations detected in indoor air/dust and possible sources in the microenvironment is included along with efforts to model contamination of indoor environments. Critical analysis of the literature reveals that the major limitations with utilizing chambers to derive SERs for FRs arise due to the physicochemical properties of FRs. In particular, increased partitioning to chamber surfaces, airborne particles and dust, causes loss through “sink” effects and results in long times to reach steady state conditions inside the chamber. The limitations of chamber experiments are discussed as well as their potential for filling gaps in knowledge in this area.},
keywords = {Emission chamber, Flame retardants, Mass transfer to dust, Specific emission rate},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The widespread use of flame retardants (FRs) in indoor products has led to their ubiquitous distribution within indoor microenvironments with many studies reporting concentrations in indoor air and dust. Little information is available however on emission of these compounds to air, particularly the measurement of specific emission rates (SERs), or the migration pathways leading to dust contamination. Such knowledge gaps hamper efforts to develop understanding of human exposure. This review summarizes published data on SERs of the following FRs released from treated products: polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA), novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate flame retardants (PFRs), including a brief discussion of the methods used to derive these SERs. Also reviewed are published studies that utilize emission chambers for investigations/measurements of mass transfer of FRs to dust, discussing the chamber configurations and methods used for these experiments. A brief review of studies investigating correlations between concentrations detected in indoor air/dust and possible sources in the microenvironment is included along with efforts to model contamination of indoor environments. Critical analysis of the literature reveals that the major limitations with utilizing chambers to derive SERs for FRs arise due to the physicochemical properties of FRs. In particular, increased partitioning to chamber surfaces, airborne particles and dust, causes loss through “sink” effects and results in long times to reach steady state conditions inside the chamber. The limitations of chamber experiments are discussed as well as their potential for filling gaps in knowledge in this area. |
Poulhet, G; Dusanter, S; Crunaire, S; Locoge, N; Gaudion, V; Merlen, C; Kaluzny, P; Coddeville, P Investigation of formaldehyde sources in French schools using a passive flux sampler Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 71, pp. 111 - 120, 2014, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{POULHET2014111,
title = {Investigation of formaldehyde sources in French schools using a passive flux sampler},
author = {G Poulhet and S Dusanter and S Crunaire and N Locoge and V Gaudion and C Merlen and P Kaluzny and P Coddeville},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313002874},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.10.002},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {71},
pages = {111 - 120},
abstract = {While indoor air quality issues have received increasing attention the past decades, detailed investigations of primary sources of indoor pollution are still difficult to carry out. There is a lack of analytical tools and measurement procedures to identify sources of pollutants and to characterize their emissions. Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous pollutant in indoor environments, which is known to lead to adverse health effects. This study describes a measurement procedure to apportion formaldehyde emissions from building and furnishing materials and presents a source apportionment study performed in French public schools. More than 29 sources of formaldehyde were characterized in each investigated classroom, with higher emissions from building materials compared to furnishing materials. Formaldehyde emission rates measured using passive flux samplers (PFS) range from 1.2 to 252 μg/m2/h, highlighting several strong emitters made of wood products and foam. Interestingly, the ceiling was identified as the main source of formaldehyde in most classrooms. Measured emissions and air exchange rates were constrained in a mass balance model to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde reduction strategies. These results indicate that formaldehyde concentrations can be reduced by 87–98% by removing or replacing the main source of emission by a less emissive material and by increasing the air exchange rate to 1 h−1. In addition, an intercomparison of total emissions calculated from (1) PFS measurements and from (2) measured formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates indicate that an unidentified sink of formaldehyde may exist in indoor environments.},
keywords = {Emission rates, Formaldehyde, Indoor air, Mass balance model, Passive sampling, Public school},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
While indoor air quality issues have received increasing attention the past decades, detailed investigations of primary sources of indoor pollution are still difficult to carry out. There is a lack of analytical tools and measurement procedures to identify sources of pollutants and to characterize their emissions. Formaldehyde is a ubiquitous pollutant in indoor environments, which is known to lead to adverse health effects. This study describes a measurement procedure to apportion formaldehyde emissions from building and furnishing materials and presents a source apportionment study performed in French public schools. More than 29 sources of formaldehyde were characterized in each investigated classroom, with higher emissions from building materials compared to furnishing materials. Formaldehyde emission rates measured using passive flux samplers (PFS) range from 1.2 to 252 μg/m2/h, highlighting several strong emitters made of wood products and foam. Interestingly, the ceiling was identified as the main source of formaldehyde in most classrooms. Measured emissions and air exchange rates were constrained in a mass balance model to evaluate the impact of formaldehyde reduction strategies. These results indicate that formaldehyde concentrations can be reduced by 87–98% by removing or replacing the main source of emission by a less emissive material and by increasing the air exchange rate to 1 h−1. In addition, an intercomparison of total emissions calculated from (1) PFS measurements and from (2) measured formaldehyde concentrations and air exchange rates indicate that an unidentified sink of formaldehyde may exist in indoor environments. |
Madsen, Anne Mette; Tendal, Kira; Frederiksen, Margit W Attempts to reduce exposure to fungi, β-glucan, bacteria, endotoxin and dust in vegetable greenhouses and a packaging unit Journal Article In: Science of The Total Environment, vol. 468-469, pp. 1112 - 1121, 2014, ISSN: 0048-9697. @article{MADSEN20141112,
title = {Attempts to reduce exposure to fungi, β-glucan, bacteria, endotoxin and dust in vegetable greenhouses and a packaging unit},
author = {Anne Mette Madsen and Kira Tendal and Margit W Frederiksen},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713010425},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.014},
issn = {0048-9697},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
volume = {468-469},
pages = {1112 - 1121},
abstract = {Indoor handling of large amounts of plant materials occurs in different occupational settings including greenhouses and causes exposure to bioaerosols. The bioaerosol components fungi, β-glucan, bacteria and endotoxin are involved in different airway symptoms and health effects can be dose-dependent. Therefore, there is a persistent need to reduce exposure. The aims of this study were to identify tasks causing exposure and to evaluate preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure of greenhouse workers to bioaerosols, and to study factors affecting the exposure. We have focused on different exposure scenarios; one with high short-term exposure found during clearing of old cucumber plants; the other with long-term, mid-level exposure found during tomato picking, leaf nipping, stringing up tomato plants, and packaging of cucumbers. Clearing of non-dried cucumber plants compared with clearing of dried cucumber plants significantly reduced the exposure to dust, endotoxin, bacteria, fungal spores and β-glucan. More endotoxin and fungi are emitted and more of the emitted particles were of respirable size if the leaves were dried. Along the cucumber packaging line, exposure levels were highly specific to each personal subtask. The subtask ‘unloading of cucumbers’ was the source of exposure making task ventilation or shielding of the process a possibility. Elimination of leaf debris on the floor reduced the exposure to fungi significantly. However, leaf debris on the floor did not contribute significantly to the exposure to dust, endotoxin and bacteria. Furthermore, to eliminate leaf debris, it had to be cleared away and this was associated with a higher exposure to dust and endotoxin. The age of the plants affected the exposure level to bioaerosols with higher exposures from old plants. In conclusion, different tasks and subtasks cause very different exposure levels. It is possible to reduce exposure by identifying subtasks causing the exposure and by modifying work processes, e.g., not drying out of plants.},
keywords = {Bioaerosol, Cleaning, Endotoxin, Fungi, Horticulture, Occupational exposure},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Indoor handling of large amounts of plant materials occurs in different occupational settings including greenhouses and causes exposure to bioaerosols. The bioaerosol components fungi, β-glucan, bacteria and endotoxin are involved in different airway symptoms and health effects can be dose-dependent. Therefore, there is a persistent need to reduce exposure. The aims of this study were to identify tasks causing exposure and to evaluate preventive measures aimed at reducing exposure of greenhouse workers to bioaerosols, and to study factors affecting the exposure. We have focused on different exposure scenarios; one with high short-term exposure found during clearing of old cucumber plants; the other with long-term, mid-level exposure found during tomato picking, leaf nipping, stringing up tomato plants, and packaging of cucumbers. Clearing of non-dried cucumber plants compared with clearing of dried cucumber plants significantly reduced the exposure to dust, endotoxin, bacteria, fungal spores and β-glucan. More endotoxin and fungi are emitted and more of the emitted particles were of respirable size if the leaves were dried. Along the cucumber packaging line, exposure levels were highly specific to each personal subtask. The subtask ‘unloading of cucumbers’ was the source of exposure making task ventilation or shielding of the process a possibility. Elimination of leaf debris on the floor reduced the exposure to fungi significantly. However, leaf debris on the floor did not contribute significantly to the exposure to dust, endotoxin and bacteria. Furthermore, to eliminate leaf debris, it had to be cleared away and this was associated with a higher exposure to dust and endotoxin. The age of the plants affected the exposure level to bioaerosols with higher exposures from old plants. In conclusion, different tasks and subtasks cause very different exposure levels. It is possible to reduce exposure by identifying subtasks causing the exposure and by modifying work processes, e.g., not drying out of plants. |
Vibenholt, Anni; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell "FLEC" Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 107, 2014, ISSN: 18791298. @article{Vibenholt2014,
title = {Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell "FLEC"},
author = {Anni Vibenholt and Per Axel Clausen and Peder Wolkoff},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.048},
issn = {18791298},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {107},
abstract = {Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC-MS before and after ozone exposure.kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039-0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH.The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6-20%.The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7-C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC-MS before and after ozone exposure.kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039-0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH.The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6-20%.The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7-C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. |
Vibenholt, Anni; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell "FLEC" Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 107, 2014, ISSN: 18791298. @article{Vibenholt2014c,
title = {Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell "FLEC"},
author = {Anni Vibenholt and Per Axel Clausen and Peder Wolkoff},
doi = {10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.048},
issn = {18791298},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {107},
abstract = {Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC-MS before and after ozone exposure.kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039-0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH.The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6-20%.The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7-C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ozone reacts with C-C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC-MS before and after ozone exposure.kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039-0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH.The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6-20%.The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7-C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. |
Vibenholt, Anni; Clausen, Per Axel; Wolkoff, Peder Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell “FLEC” Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 107, pp. 230-239, 2014, ISSN: 0045-6535. @article{Vibenholt2014d,
title = {Ozone reaction characteristics of indoor floor dust examined in the emission cell “FLEC”},
author = {Anni Vibenholt and Per Axel Clausen and Peder Wolkoff},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004565351301713X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.048},
issn = {0045-6535},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {107},
pages = {230-239},
abstract = {Ozone reacts with C–C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC–MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039–0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6–20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7–C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure.},
keywords = {Aldehydes, FLEC, Floor dust, Indoor air, Ozone, Reaction rate},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Ozone reacts with C–C double bonds in common indoor VOCs and SVOCs contained in indoor dust and may be catalytically degraded on dust surfaces. The reaction between floor dust and ozone was investigated in the FLEC emission cell at different ozone concentrations and relative humidities (0%, 25%, and 50% RH). One gram of dust was spread on a clean stainless steel plate which was placed in the FLEC. Steady state reaction rate (kDust) at 2.2ppm ozone was determined for four different floor dust samples collected in Danish homes and offices. This high concentration was necessary in order to measure and determine the consumption in the outlet air from the FLEC. Measurements were corrected for FLEC wall effects by subtraction of the steady state reaction rate between ozone and a FLEC on a stainless steel plate without dust (kFLEC). The composition of organic compounds in the dust was analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction and thermal desorption GC–MS before and after ozone exposure. kFLEC was independent of the ozone concentration and the reaction was treated as first order. The same was indicated for kDust since it remained unchanged at 2.2 and 1.6ppm ozone for one dust sample. However, the measured kDust in the FLEC should be considered an average rate constant due to the FLEC geometry. kDust was in the range 0.039–0.14s-1 pr. g dust at 50% RH. kDust was 3 times higher at 25% RH than at 50% RH and 6 times higher than at 0% RH. The inhomogeneity of the dust was assessed by experiments in triplicate with a new portion of dust each time. The relative standard deviation of kDust at 50% RH was 6–20%. The major identified compounds before and after ozone exposure included aldehydes, saturated and unsaturated linear alkanoic acids, benzoic acid and their methyl esters, dimethyl esters, phthalates and traces of α-pinene and limonene. Substantial increase of C7–C9 aldehydes was observed after ozone exposure. |
Sebroski, John R.; Miller, Jason W.; Spence, Mark Evaluation of modified FLEC® cell and micro chamber prototype for monitoring methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) emissions Proceedings Article In: 2014. @inproceedings{Sebroski2014,
title = {Evaluation of modified FLEC® cell and micro chamber prototype for monitoring methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) emissions},
author = {John R. Sebroski and Jason W. Miller and Mark Spence},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate},
abstract = {Commonly used emission testing protocols such as micro chamber, FLEC® and conventional small scale chambers have been found to be problematic for measuring MDI emissions due to adsorption to the chamber walls, resulting in significant bias. The FLEC® and a micro-scale chamber were modified to minimize MDI wall adsorption during emission testing. The interior of the FLEC® was coated with 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine (1,2-PP) as the derivatizing agent. An internal sampling filter containing 1,2-PP was placed inside the micro chamber prototype, with the filter fitted directly above the sample. The modified micro chamber showed acceptable capturing efficiency (85 to 90%) with the internal filter, and the coated FLEC® showed excellent retention of the MDI emissions (>99%). The results from this study demonstrate proof of concept that product emissions of MDI can be measured with the chambers as described in this paper.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Commonly used emission testing protocols such as micro chamber, FLEC® and conventional small scale chambers have been found to be problematic for measuring MDI emissions due to adsorption to the chamber walls, resulting in significant bias. The FLEC® and a micro-scale chamber were modified to minimize MDI wall adsorption during emission testing. The interior of the FLEC® was coated with 1-(2-pyridyl)piperazine (1,2-PP) as the derivatizing agent. An internal sampling filter containing 1,2-PP was placed inside the micro chamber prototype, with the filter fitted directly above the sample. The modified micro chamber showed acceptable capturing efficiency (85 to 90%) with the internal filter, and the coated FLEC® showed excellent retention of the MDI emissions (>99%). The results from this study demonstrate proof of concept that product emissions of MDI can be measured with the chambers as described in this paper. |
Du, Zheng Jian; Mo, Jin Han; Zhang, Yin Ping Different test methods on formaldehyde emission from wood-based board Journal Article In: Kung Cheng Je Wu Li Hsueh Pao/Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, vol. 35, iss. 1, 2014, ISSN: 0253231X. @article{Du2014,
title = {Different test methods on formaldehyde emission from wood-based board},
author = {Zheng Jian Du and Jin Han Mo and Yin Ping Zhang},
issn = {0253231X},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Kung Cheng Je Wu Li Hsueh Pao/Journal of Engineering Thermophysics},
volume = {35},
issue = {1},
abstract = {Determining formaldehyde emission from wood-based board is important for wood-based board is the main source of indoor formaldehyde, which affects people's health. This article presents a comprehensive comparison of commonly used test methods, including perforator method, flask method, desiccator methods, gas analysis method, chamber method, FLEC method and C-history method. The formaldehyde content measured by the perforator method is the total formaldehyde content, but not emittable formaldehyde. The chamber method can directly reflect the real emission characteristic of wood-based materials; however it is time and money-consuming. Using C-history method, the characteristic parameters of wood-based materials can be obtained simultaneously in short time, which can be used to predict the real emission. Besides, pre-and test conditions of these methods are different, this results in the need for comparing the agreement of these methods.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Determining formaldehyde emission from wood-based board is important for wood-based board is the main source of indoor formaldehyde, which affects people's health. This article presents a comprehensive comparison of commonly used test methods, including perforator method, flask method, desiccator methods, gas analysis method, chamber method, FLEC method and C-history method. The formaldehyde content measured by the perforator method is the total formaldehyde content, but not emittable formaldehyde. The chamber method can directly reflect the real emission characteristic of wood-based materials; however it is time and money-consuming. Using C-history method, the characteristic parameters of wood-based materials can be obtained simultaneously in short time, which can be used to predict the real emission. Besides, pre-and test conditions of these methods are different, this results in the need for comparing the agreement of these methods. |
Weigl, M.; Fürhapper, C.; Niedermayer, S.; Habla, E.; Nohava, M.; Nagl, S.; Polleres, S. VOC emissions from building materials: Results from lab and model room trials Proceedings Article In: 2014, ISSN: 20426453. @inproceedings{Weigl2014,
title = {VOC emissions from building materials: Results from lab and model room trials},
author = {M. Weigl and C. Fürhapper and S. Niedermayer and E. Habla and M. Nohava and S. Nagl and S. Polleres},
doi = {10.1179/2042645314Y.0000000072},
issn = {20426453},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {International Wood Products Journal},
volume = {5},
issue = {3},
abstract = {This paper reports on first results from a recently finished project dealing with indoor air quality in timber constructed houses. The FLEC method was applied measuring single building products with respect to their emission of VOCs (i.e. volatile organic compounds) on a small scale. Furthermore, total emissions are investigated in full scale model rooms (30 m3) equipped with variable panel product types and coverings. It has been shown that the total VOC (TVOC) value, consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of single substances (from 25 up to 68 within the test setup), decreases significantly with duration time. Within one year, ranking of the TVOC emission level for 26 individual building products including wood based panels, plasterboards, flexible insulations, adhesives, vapour barriers and sealing sheets changed. Approximately 30% of the single substances formed 80% of the TVOC fraction. This actually highlights the complexity of indoor air emissions from building products. Full scale box trials allowed a direct comparison of OSB and OSB that was covered by gypsum plasterboard. Whereas the TVOC level immediately after construction is higher for uncovered OSB, values of both construction setups decline rapidly. After 14 days and onto 19 weeks, TVOC values were comparable for uncovered and covered OSB within the test. Hence, plasterboards have only a small effect on TVOC levels, but are not capable of reducing VOC emissions from building products.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This paper reports on first results from a recently finished project dealing with indoor air quality in timber constructed houses. The FLEC method was applied measuring single building products with respect to their emission of VOCs (i.e. volatile organic compounds) on a small scale. Furthermore, total emissions are investigated in full scale model rooms (30 m3) equipped with variable panel product types and coverings. It has been shown that the total VOC (TVOC) value, consisting of a heterogeneous mixture of single substances (from 25 up to 68 within the test setup), decreases significantly with duration time. Within one year, ranking of the TVOC emission level for 26 individual building products including wood based panels, plasterboards, flexible insulations, adhesives, vapour barriers and sealing sheets changed. Approximately 30% of the single substances formed 80% of the TVOC fraction. This actually highlights the complexity of indoor air emissions from building products. Full scale box trials allowed a direct comparison of OSB and OSB that was covered by gypsum plasterboard. Whereas the TVOC level immediately after construction is higher for uncovered OSB, values of both construction setups decline rapidly. After 14 days and onto 19 weeks, TVOC values were comparable for uncovered and covered OSB within the test. Hence, plasterboards have only a small effect on TVOC levels, but are not capable of reducing VOC emissions from building products. |
Tlili, Sabrine; Crunaire, Sabine; Verriele, Marie; Locoge, Nadine; Coddeville, Patrice Wood plastic composite materials made from recycled waste wood and plastic: Assessment of formaldehyde and VOC emissions Proceedings Article In: 2014. @inproceedings{Tlili2014,
title = {Wood plastic composite materials made from recycled waste wood and plastic: Assessment of formaldehyde and VOC emissions},
author = {Sabrine Tlili and Sabine Crunaire and Marie Verriele and Nadine Locoge and Patrice Coddeville},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate},
abstract = {This work investigates the feasibility of indoor use of Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) manufactured from recycled materials initially intended for landfill. WPCs were manufactured using recycled wood chips and recycled polyethylene (rPE) / recycled polypropylene (rPP). VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from recycled wood chips and plastic polymer were evaluated using a laboratory small chamber method whereas emissions from recycled WPCs were assessed using Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Processing of WPCs leads to a TVOCs reduction of 51% and 40% and a formaldehyde reduction of 94.1% and 92.9% for WPC-A (made with rPP) and WPC-B (made with rPE) respectively. Ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and aldehydes were the main groups of the emitted compounds from WPCs samples. The toxicological effects of all substances identified were evaluated. An Ri value was calculated for each compound considering a material loading of WPCs that corresponds to an absolute "worst case". It has been established that, excepting formaldehyde, none of the emitted compounds would at that scenario induce health effect.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
This work investigates the feasibility of indoor use of Wood Plastic Composites (WPCs) manufactured from recycled materials initially intended for landfill. WPCs were manufactured using recycled wood chips and recycled polyethylene (rPE) / recycled polypropylene (rPP). VOCs and formaldehyde emissions from recycled wood chips and plastic polymer were evaluated using a laboratory small chamber method whereas emissions from recycled WPCs were assessed using Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Processing of WPCs leads to a TVOCs reduction of 51% and 40% and a formaldehyde reduction of 94.1% and 92.9% for WPC-A (made with rPP) and WPC-B (made with rPE) respectively. Ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons, carboxylic acids and aldehydes were the main groups of the emitted compounds from WPCs samples. The toxicological effects of all substances identified were evaluated. An Ri value was calculated for each compound considering a material loading of WPCs that corresponds to an absolute "worst case". It has been established that, excepting formaldehyde, none of the emitted compounds would at that scenario induce health effect. |
Rizk, Malak; Verriele, Marie; Dusanter, Sebastien; Schoemaecker, Coralie; Calve, Stéphane Le; Locoge, Nadine Sorption of organic gases onto building materials: Development of a new device for in-situ measurements Proceedings Article In: 2014. @inproceedings{Rizk2014,
title = {Sorption of organic gases onto building materials: Development of a new device for in-situ measurements},
author = {Malak Rizk and Marie Verriele and Sebastien Dusanter and Coralie Schoemaecker and Stéphane Le Calve and Nadine Locoge},
year = {2014},
date = {2014-01-01},
journal = {Indoor Air 2014 - 13th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate},
abstract = {Adsorption and desorption of Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) on indoor surfaces are key drivers of indoor concentrations. Sorption coefficients were investigated in emission test chambers and then introduced in Indoor Air Quality model to predict concentrations in real environments. Since predicted concentrations are different from measured ones in test houses, it is necessary to measure sorption coefficient in realistic environments instead of using chamber derived parameters. This paper proposes a new transportable device to make in-situ measurements, based on a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell coupled to Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer. The device was tested with a mixture of VOC including toluene on gypsum board and vinyl flooring. Sorption parameters were successfully measured within few hours with a good repeatability (RSD<10%). A gypsum board provides an equilibrium constant (Ke=ka/kd) for the toluene (0.29±0.03m) while a vinyl flooring material exhibits negligible sorption properties close to that observed for Pyrex glass.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Adsorption and desorption of Volatile Organic compounds (VOCs) on indoor surfaces are key drivers of indoor concentrations. Sorption coefficients were investigated in emission test chambers and then introduced in Indoor Air Quality model to predict concentrations in real environments. Since predicted concentrations are different from measured ones in test houses, it is necessary to measure sorption coefficient in realistic environments instead of using chamber derived parameters. This paper proposes a new transportable device to make in-situ measurements, based on a Field and Laboratory Emission Cell coupled to Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometer. The device was tested with a mixture of VOC including toluene on gypsum board and vinyl flooring. Sorption parameters were successfully measured within few hours with a good repeatability (RSD<10%). A gypsum board provides an equilibrium constant (Ke=ka/kd) for the toluene (0.29±0.03m) while a vinyl flooring material exhibits negligible sorption properties close to that observed for Pyrex glass. |
2013
|
Xiong, Jianyin; Wang, Lixin; Bai, Yuhua; Zhang, Yinping Measuring the characteristic parameters of VOC emission from paints Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 66, pp. 65 - 71, 2013, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{XIONG201365,
title = {Measuring the characteristic parameters of VOC emission from paints},
author = {Jianyin Xiong and Lixin Wang and Yuhua Bai and Yinping Zhang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313001364},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.04.025},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {66},
pages = {65 - 71},
abstract = {The emission characteristic parameters of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from paints are the initial concentration, the diffusion coefficient and the paint/air partition coefficient. It is necessary to determine these parameters for fully understanding the emission behaviors as well as for source control. Based on detailed mass transfer analysis of VOC emissions from paints, a novel method is developed to measure these parameters, which owns the following merits: (1) the diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient can be simultaneously determined; (2) it takes less than 12 h for the cases studied and indicates high measurement accuracy (R2 in the range of 0.921–0.939). Ventilated chamber experiments are performed to obtain the two parameters of methylcyclohexane and toluene emissions from one kind of solvent-based paint. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the good agreement between model predictions based on the determined characteristic parameters and experiments. The present approach is then applied to analyze the experimental data in the literature, and good results are also obtained, which further demonstrates that the approach is convincing and reliable. Our new approach should prove useful for rapid prediction and characterization of VOC emissions from paints as well as from other wet materials.},
keywords = {Characteristic parameters, Emission, Indoor air quality (IAQ), Paints, Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The emission characteristic parameters of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from paints are the initial concentration, the diffusion coefficient and the paint/air partition coefficient. It is necessary to determine these parameters for fully understanding the emission behaviors as well as for source control. Based on detailed mass transfer analysis of VOC emissions from paints, a novel method is developed to measure these parameters, which owns the following merits: (1) the diffusion coefficient and partition coefficient can be simultaneously determined; (2) it takes less than 12 h for the cases studied and indicates high measurement accuracy (R2 in the range of 0.921–0.939). Ventilated chamber experiments are performed to obtain the two parameters of methylcyclohexane and toluene emissions from one kind of solvent-based paint. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the good agreement between model predictions based on the determined characteristic parameters and experiments. The present approach is then applied to analyze the experimental data in the literature, and good results are also obtained, which further demonstrates that the approach is convincing and reliable. Our new approach should prove useful for rapid prediction and characterization of VOC emissions from paints as well as from other wet materials. |
Zhang, Li-Zhi; Li, Zhen-Xing Convective mass transfer and pressure drop correlations for cross-flow structured hollow fiber membrane bundles under low Reynolds numbers but with turbulent flow behaviors Journal Article In: Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 434, pp. 65 - 73, 2013, ISSN: 0376-7388. @article{ZHANG201365,
title = {Convective mass transfer and pressure drop correlations for cross-flow structured hollow fiber membrane bundles under low Reynolds numbers but with turbulent flow behaviors},
author = {Li-Zhi Zhang and Zhen-Xing Li},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037673881300104X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.01.058},
issn = {0376-7388},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Membrane Science},
volume = {434},
pages = {65 - 73},
abstract = {Cross-flow structured hollow fiber membrane bundles where the fibers are arranged either in inline or in staggered arrays are investigated for their bundle side convective mass transfer and pressure drop characteristics. A high speed hot wire anemometry is used to validate the turbulent flow behavior in the bundle at low Reynolds numbers. A mathematical model for the turbulent fluid flow and convective mass transfer across the bundle under uniform mass boundary conditions is set up, which is then validated by an air humidification test. With the validated model, the Sherwood numbers and friction factors across the bundle are obtained for different fiber arrangements, pitch to diameter ratios, and Reynolds numbers. Correlations are then proposed to estimate the friction factors and Sherwood numbers across the bundles with various parameters. It is found that compared to the previous researches and the available correlations, the present results are more appropriate for the cross flow hollow fiber membrane bundles that are usually operated under low Reynolds numbers from 100 to 500, but have turbulent flow behaviors.},
keywords = {Cross flow, Hollow fiber membrane bundle, Mass transfer, Structured, Turbulent flow},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Cross-flow structured hollow fiber membrane bundles where the fibers are arranged either in inline or in staggered arrays are investigated for their bundle side convective mass transfer and pressure drop characteristics. A high speed hot wire anemometry is used to validate the turbulent flow behavior in the bundle at low Reynolds numbers. A mathematical model for the turbulent fluid flow and convective mass transfer across the bundle under uniform mass boundary conditions is set up, which is then validated by an air humidification test. With the validated model, the Sherwood numbers and friction factors across the bundle are obtained for different fiber arrangements, pitch to diameter ratios, and Reynolds numbers. Correlations are then proposed to estimate the friction factors and Sherwood numbers across the bundles with various parameters. It is found that compared to the previous researches and the available correlations, the present results are more appropriate for the cross flow hollow fiber membrane bundles that are usually operated under low Reynolds numbers from 100 to 500, but have turbulent flow behaviors. |
Guo, Min; Pei, Xiaoqiang; Mo, Feifei; Liu, Jianlei; Shen, Xueyou Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou, China Journal Article In: Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 908 - 915, 2013, ISSN: 1001-0742. @article{GUO2013908,
title = {Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou, China},
author = {Min Guo and Xiaoqiang Pei and Feifei Mo and Jianlei Liu and Xueyou Shen},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001074212601703},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60170-3},
issn = {1001-0742},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Environmental Sciences},
volume = {25},
number = {5},
pages = {908 - 915},
abstract = {Air pollution surveys of formaldehyde (HCHO) were conducted in 2324 rooms decorated within one year in 2007–2009 in Hangzhou, China. The mean HCHO concentration (CHCHO) was 0.107 ± 0.095 mg/m3, and 38.9% of samples exceeded the Chinese National Standard GB 50325-2010. Over the past 3 years, the CHCHO decreased with time (p < 0.05). Relationships of potential factors to indoor CHCHO were also evaluated. CHCHO was related to temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), time duration of the windows and doors being closed before sampling (DC), time duration from the end of decoration to sampling (DR) and source characteristics (d). A model to relate indoor CHCHO to these five factors (T, RH, DC, DR, d) was established based on 298 samples (R2 = 0.87). Various factors contributed to CHCHO in the following order: T, 43.7%; d, 31.0%; DC, 10.2%; DR, 8.0%; RH, 7.0%; specifically, meteorological conditions (i.e., RH plus T) accounted for 50.7%. The coefficient of T and RH, RTH, was proposed to describe their combined influence on HCHO emission, which also had a linear relationship (R2 = 0.9387) with HCHO release in a simulation chamber test. In addition, experiments confirm that it is a synergistic action as T and RH accelerate the release of HCHO, and that is a significant factor influencing indoor HCHO pollution. These achievements could lead to reference values of measures for the efficient reduction of indoor HCHO pollution.},
keywords = {Emission, factor analysis, Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality, relative humidity, temperature},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Air pollution surveys of formaldehyde (HCHO) were conducted in 2324 rooms decorated within one year in 2007–2009 in Hangzhou, China. The mean HCHO concentration (CHCHO) was 0.107 ± 0.095 mg/m3, and 38.9% of samples exceeded the Chinese National Standard GB 50325-2010. Over the past 3 years, the CHCHO decreased with time (p < 0.05). Relationships of potential factors to indoor CHCHO were also evaluated. CHCHO was related to temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), time duration of the windows and doors being closed before sampling (DC), time duration from the end of decoration to sampling (DR) and source characteristics (d). A model to relate indoor CHCHO to these five factors (T, RH, DC, DR, d) was established based on 298 samples (R2 = 0.87). Various factors contributed to CHCHO in the following order: T, 43.7%; d, 31.0%; DC, 10.2%; DR, 8.0%; RH, 7.0%; specifically, meteorological conditions (i.e., RH plus T) accounted for 50.7%. The coefficient of T and RH, RTH, was proposed to describe their combined influence on HCHO emission, which also had a linear relationship (R2 = 0.9387) with HCHO release in a simulation chamber test. In addition, experiments confirm that it is a synergistic action as T and RH accelerate the release of HCHO, and that is a significant factor influencing indoor HCHO pollution. These achievements could lead to reference values of measures for the efficient reduction of indoor HCHO pollution. |
Liang, Weihui; Yang, Xudong Indoor formaldehyde in real buildings: Emission source identification, overall emission rate estimation, concentration increase and decay patterns Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 69, pp. 114 - 120, 2013, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{LIANG2013114,
title = {Indoor formaldehyde in real buildings: Emission source identification, overall emission rate estimation, concentration increase and decay patterns},
author = {Weihui Liang and Xudong Yang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132313002357},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.009},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {69},
pages = {114 - 120},
abstract = {Formaldehyde is a commonly observed indoor air contaminant with proved health effects. For the control of indoor formaldehyde, quick methods applicable in actual buildings are needed to identify the emission sources and estimate overall emission rates. The concentration decay and increase patterns with windows open or closed must also be studied to devise control strategy guidelines for natural ventilation in buildings. In this paper, a quick and easy-to-use method was introduced to identify the emission sources and estimate the overall emission rate resulting from all the emission sources. The method was applied to an apartment unit with multiple formaldehyde sources and showed promising applicability. The formaldehyde concentration decay patterns with different window opening degrees were measured and compared with the concentration increase patterns with closed windows. The results confirmed that natural ventilation through window opening can quickly remove indoor contaminants, and that the time scale of formaldehyde concentration increase is much bigger than that of decay patterns. The results imply that in control of indoor contaminant, natural intermittent ventilation by opening and closing windows is applicable.},
keywords = {emission rate, Formaldehyde, Indoor air quality control, Residential building},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde is a commonly observed indoor air contaminant with proved health effects. For the control of indoor formaldehyde, quick methods applicable in actual buildings are needed to identify the emission sources and estimate overall emission rates. The concentration decay and increase patterns with windows open or closed must also be studied to devise control strategy guidelines for natural ventilation in buildings. In this paper, a quick and easy-to-use method was introduced to identify the emission sources and estimate the overall emission rate resulting from all the emission sources. The method was applied to an apartment unit with multiple formaldehyde sources and showed promising applicability. The formaldehyde concentration decay patterns with different window opening degrees were measured and compared with the concentration increase patterns with closed windows. The results confirmed that natural ventilation through window opening can quickly remove indoor contaminants, and that the time scale of formaldehyde concentration increase is much bigger than that of decay patterns. The results imply that in control of indoor contaminant, natural intermittent ventilation by opening and closing windows is applicable. |
Zhang, Li-Zhi (Ed.) Appendix: Research Papers from Our Group on Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer Book Section In: Zhang, Li-Zhi (Ed.): Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Heat Mass Exchanger Ducts, pp. 371 - 376, Academic Press, Boston, 2013, ISBN: 978-0-12-407782-9. @incollection{2013371,
title = {Appendix: Research Papers from Our Group on Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer},
editor = {Li-Zhi Zhang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124077829000198},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407782-9.00019-8},
isbn = {978-0-12-407782-9},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
booktitle = {Conjugate Heat and Mass Transfer in Heat Mass Exchanger Ducts},
pages = {371 - 376},
publisher = {Academic Press},
address = {Boston},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
|
Hu, Kang; Chen, Qun; Hao, Jun-Hong Influence of suspended particles on indoor semi-volatile organic compounds emission Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 79, pp. 695 - 704, 2013, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{HU2013695,
title = {Influence of suspended particles on indoor semi-volatile organic compounds emission},
author = {Kang Hu and Qun Chen and Jun-Hong Hao},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013005311},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.07.010},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2013},
date = {2013-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {79},
pages = {695 - 704},
abstract = {Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have been attracting more and more attentions to many researchers in these years. Because SVOCs have a strong tendency for adsorption to suspended particles, we take the effect of suspended particles into account to study the transport mechanism of SVOCs in the air. We establish a mathematical model to describe the transport mechanism of SVOCs, and study the transport processes of both gas- and particle-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in Field and Laboratory Emission Cells (FLECs). The predictions by the proposed model not only fit well with the experimental data of previous studies, but also show that the gas-phase DEHP concentration increases rapidly in the first few seconds and increases slowly during the following 200 days due to different transport mechanisms in the two periods. Meanwhile, when the particle radiuses are of the order of micron and the air changes per hour (ACH) is large enough, the characteristic time for DEHP getting gas/particle equilibrium is much longer than the residence time of a particle in the flow field, and thus there is no significant influence of suspended particles on the total concentration of DEHP in the air. Oppositely, the influence of particles on DEHP emission will be enhanced for a cycling air flow system with a small ACH, where increasing ACH will reduce the concentrations of particle-phase SVOCs. Besides, if the particle radiuses are of the order of nanometer, decreasing the particle radiuses will shorter the characteristic time for DEHP getting gas/particle equilibrium, and finally increase the particle-phase concentration of DEHP.},
keywords = {Adsorption, Indoor air, Semi-volatile organic compounds, Suspended particle, Transport mechanism},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) have been attracting more and more attentions to many researchers in these years. Because SVOCs have a strong tendency for adsorption to suspended particles, we take the effect of suspended particles into account to study the transport mechanism of SVOCs in the air. We establish a mathematical model to describe the transport mechanism of SVOCs, and study the transport processes of both gas- and particle-phase di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in Field and Laboratory Emission Cells (FLECs). The predictions by the proposed model not only fit well with the experimental data of previous studies, but also show that the gas-phase DEHP concentration increases rapidly in the first few seconds and increases slowly during the following 200 days due to different transport mechanisms in the two periods. Meanwhile, when the particle radiuses are of the order of micron and the air changes per hour (ACH) is large enough, the characteristic time for DEHP getting gas/particle equilibrium is much longer than the residence time of a particle in the flow field, and thus there is no significant influence of suspended particles on the total concentration of DEHP in the air. Oppositely, the influence of particles on DEHP emission will be enhanced for a cycling air flow system with a small ACH, where increasing ACH will reduce the concentrations of particle-phase SVOCs. Besides, if the particle radiuses are of the order of nanometer, decreasing the particle radiuses will shorter the characteristic time for DEHP getting gas/particle equilibrium, and finally increase the particle-phase concentration of DEHP. |
2012
|
Harvey, Scott D; Wahl, Jon H On-matrix derivatization for dynamic headspace sampling of nonvolatile surface residues Journal Article In: Journal of Chromatography A, vol. 1256, pp. 58 - 66, 2012, ISSN: 0021-9673. @article{HARVEY201258,
title = {On-matrix derivatization for dynamic headspace sampling of nonvolatile surface residues},
author = {Scott D Harvey and Jon H Wahl},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967312011879},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.095},
issn = {0021-9673},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Chromatography A},
volume = {1256},
pages = {58 - 66},
abstract = {The goal of this study is to extend sampling by the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) dynamic headspace technique to applications that target nonvolatile residues. On-matrix derivatization of residues to render analytes stable and more volatile is explored to achieve this goal. Results show that on-matrix derivatizations of nerve agent hydrolysis products (monoalkyl methylphosphonic acids and methylphosphonic acid [MPA]) with diazomethane were successful on glass and painted wallboard (at the 10-μg level). It also was successful on the more difficult concrete (at the 500-μg level) and carpet (at the 20-μg level), substrates that cannot be successfully sampled using swipe techniques. Analysis of additional chemical warfare (CW)-associated residues can be approached by on-matrix derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). For example, amines (used as stabilizers or present as decomposition products of the nerve agent VX) or thiodiglycol (hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard) could be sampled as their TFAA derivatives from glass, painted wallboard, and concrete (at the 40-μg level), as well as carpet (at the 80-μg level) surfaces. Although the amine and thiodiglycol are semi-volatile and could be sampled directly, derivatization improves the recovery and chromatographic behavior of these analytes.},
keywords = {Chemical warfare analysis, Chemical warfare attribution signatures, Dynamic headspace sampling, In situ derivatization, On-matrix derivatization},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The goal of this study is to extend sampling by the field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) dynamic headspace technique to applications that target nonvolatile residues. On-matrix derivatization of residues to render analytes stable and more volatile is explored to achieve this goal. Results show that on-matrix derivatizations of nerve agent hydrolysis products (monoalkyl methylphosphonic acids and methylphosphonic acid [MPA]) with diazomethane were successful on glass and painted wallboard (at the 10-μg level). It also was successful on the more difficult concrete (at the 500-μg level) and carpet (at the 20-μg level), substrates that cannot be successfully sampled using swipe techniques. Analysis of additional chemical warfare (CW)-associated residues can be approached by on-matrix derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). For example, amines (used as stabilizers or present as decomposition products of the nerve agent VX) or thiodiglycol (hydrolysis product of sulfur mustard) could be sampled as their TFAA derivatives from glass, painted wallboard, and concrete (at the 40-μg level), as well as carpet (at the 80-μg level) surfaces. Although the amine and thiodiglycol are semi-volatile and could be sampled directly, derivatization improves the recovery and chromatographic behavior of these analytes. |
Liu, Z; Little, J C 5 - Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs): phthalates and flame retardants Book Section In: Pacheco-Torgal, F; Jalali, S; Fucic, A (Ed.): Toxicity of Building Materials, pp. 122 - 137, Woodhead Publishing, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-85709-122-2. @incollection{LIU2012122,
title = {5 - Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs): phthalates and flame retardants},
author = {Z Liu and J C Little},
editor = {F Pacheco-Torgal and S Jalali and A Fucic},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978085709122250005X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096357.122},
isbn = {978-0-85709-122-2},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Toxicity of Building Materials},
pages = {122 - 137},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
series = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering},
abstract = {Abstract:
Among the many chemicals found indoors, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) constitute an important class. While certain SVOCs are associated with adverse health effects, exposure is strongly influenced by the types of materials and products in which these SVOCs occur. This chapter begins with a brief summary of phthalates and flame retardants, two important types of SVOCs. Chamber experiments used to characterize the emissions process are then reviewed. A simple emission model that can be used to predict the steady-state indoor gas-phase SVOC concentration is described. Knowing the long-term concentration in the indoor air, the potential exposure via inhalation of air and airborne particles, ingestion of dust, and dermal absorption can be calculated using general relationships.},
keywords = {additive, Emission, exposure, indoor, Model, PBDE, phthalate, polymer, SVOC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Abstract:
Among the many chemicals found indoors, semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) constitute an important class. While certain SVOCs are associated with adverse health effects, exposure is strongly influenced by the types of materials and products in which these SVOCs occur. This chapter begins with a brief summary of phthalates and flame retardants, two important types of SVOCs. Chamber experiments used to characterize the emissions process are then reviewed. A simple emission model that can be used to predict the steady-state indoor gas-phase SVOC concentration is described. Knowing the long-term concentration in the indoor air, the potential exposure via inhalation of air and airborne particles, ingestion of dust, and dermal absorption can be calculated using general relationships. |
Marć, Mariusz; Zabiegała, Bożena; Namieśnik, Jacek Testing and sampling devices for monitoring volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor air Journal Article In: TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 32, pp. 76 - 86, 2012, ISSN: 0165-9936. @article{MARC201276,
title = {Testing and sampling devices for monitoring volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in indoor air},
author = {Mariusz Marć and Bożena Zabiegała and Jacek Namieśnik},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165993611003669},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2011.09.006},
issn = {0165-9936},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry},
volume = {32},
pages = {76 - 86},
abstract = {Adults spend most of their time in enclosed spaces (e.g., apartment, office and public buildings). According to research conducted by scientists, air quality indoors is much worse than the ambient air quality outdoors. Hazardous chemicals found in air indoors can adversely affect the functioning of the human body and cause many respiratory and circulatory diseases. Harmful chemical compounds (mainly volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds) in the indoor environment are present because they are emitted from building and construction materials, and indoor equipment. One way of determining the levels of emissions of harmful chemicals is to use emission test chambers (ETCs), which can optimize analytical parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity, loading factor of the test chamber and the air-exchange rate). This article reviews the literature on the analytical methodologies that are used for different types of ETC for estimating emissions of chemicals from building and construction materials and components of indoor equipment.},
keywords = {Air quality, Building material, Direct thermal desorption, emission rate, Emission test chamber, Field and laboratory emission cell, Indoor air, Passive flux sampler, Sampling device, Volatile organic compound},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Adults spend most of their time in enclosed spaces (e.g., apartment, office and public buildings). According to research conducted by scientists, air quality indoors is much worse than the ambient air quality outdoors. Hazardous chemicals found in air indoors can adversely affect the functioning of the human body and cause many respiratory and circulatory diseases. Harmful chemical compounds (mainly volatile organic compounds and semi-volatile organic compounds) in the indoor environment are present because they are emitted from building and construction materials, and indoor equipment. One way of determining the levels of emissions of harmful chemicals is to use emission test chambers (ETCs), which can optimize analytical parameters (e.g., temperature, humidity, loading factor of the test chamber and the air-exchange rate). This article reviews the literature on the analytical methodologies that are used for different types of ETC for estimating emissions of chemicals from building and construction materials and components of indoor equipment. |
Schripp, Tobias; Langer, Sarka; Salthammer, Tunga Interaction of ozone with wooden building products, treated wood samples and exotic wood species Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 54, pp. 365 - 372, 2012, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{SCHRIPP2012365,
title = {Interaction of ozone with wooden building products, treated wood samples and exotic wood species},
author = {Tobias Schripp and Sarka Langer and Tunga Salthammer},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012001793},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.02.064},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {54},
pages = {365 - 372},
abstract = {Wooden building products indoors are known to be able to affect the perceived air quality depending on their emission strength. The indoor application of modern ecological lacquer systems (eco-lacquers or ‘green’ lacquers) may be a much stronger source than the substrates itself. Especially with regard to the formation of ultrafine particles by gas-to-particle conversion in the presence of ozone or other reactive species the impact of the applied building products on the indoor air quality has to be addressed. The present study reports a two concentration step ozonation of OSB panels, painted beech boards, and a number of solid ‘exotic’ wood types in a 1m³ emission test chamber. The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was recorded as well as the formation of ultrafine particles in the range 7–300nm. The products are characterized on the basis of their ozone deposition velocity; the obtained values of 0.008–0.381cms−1 are comparable with previously published data. Within the samples of the present study one eco-lacquer was the strongest source of VOC (total VOC∼60mgm−3) while the wooden building products (OSB) were of intermediate emission strength. The lowest emission was found for the solid (exotic) wood samples. The VOC release of the samples corresponded roughly to the particle formation potential. However, the strongest UFP formation was measured for one solid wood sample (‘Garapa’) which showed a strong surface reaction in the presence of ozone and formed a large number of particles <40nm. Overall, the experiments demonstrated the necessity of real-life samples for the estimation of UFP indoor air pollution from the ozone chemistry of terpenes.},
keywords = {Emission test chambers, Exotic wood emission, Ozone–terpene reaction, Ultrafine particles},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Wooden building products indoors are known to be able to affect the perceived air quality depending on their emission strength. The indoor application of modern ecological lacquer systems (eco-lacquers or ‘green’ lacquers) may be a much stronger source than the substrates itself. Especially with regard to the formation of ultrafine particles by gas-to-particle conversion in the presence of ozone or other reactive species the impact of the applied building products on the indoor air quality has to be addressed. The present study reports a two concentration step ozonation of OSB panels, painted beech boards, and a number of solid ‘exotic’ wood types in a 1m³ emission test chamber. The emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC) was recorded as well as the formation of ultrafine particles in the range 7–300nm. The products are characterized on the basis of their ozone deposition velocity; the obtained values of 0.008–0.381cms−1 are comparable with previously published data. Within the samples of the present study one eco-lacquer was the strongest source of VOC (total VOC∼60mgm−3) while the wooden building products (OSB) were of intermediate emission strength. The lowest emission was found for the solid (exotic) wood samples. The VOC release of the samples corresponded roughly to the particle formation potential. However, the strongest UFP formation was measured for one solid wood sample (‘Garapa’) which showed a strong surface reaction in the presence of ozone and formed a large number of particles <40nm. Overall, the experiments demonstrated the necessity of real-life samples for the estimation of UFP indoor air pollution from the ozone chemistry of terpenes. |
Liu, Z; Little, J C 4 - Materials responsible for formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions Book Section In: Pacheco-Torgal, F; Jalali, S; Fucic, A (Ed.): Toxicity of Building Materials, pp. 76 - 121, Woodhead Publishing, 2012, ISBN: 978-0-85709-122-2. @incollection{LIU201276,
title = {4 - Materials responsible for formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions},
author = {Z Liu and J C Little},
editor = {F Pacheco-Torgal and S Jalali and A Fucic},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857091222500048},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857096357.76},
isbn = {978-0-85709-122-2},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
booktitle = {Toxicity of Building Materials},
pages = {76 - 121},
publisher = {Woodhead Publishing},
series = {Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering},
abstract = {Abstract:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important class of indoor air pollutants; with indoor concentrations generally higher than outdoors. Formaldehyde is a priority VOC because of its frequent occurrence in indoor air and the serious health outcomes resulting from exposure. Taking formaldehyde as a representative VOC, this chapter reviews the knowledge necessary to develop solutions to indoor VOC pollution. The toxicology of formaldehyde is briefly reviewed. Then the current understanding of VOC emission behavior is discussed, including experimental techniques for measuring emissions, modeling approaches for predicting emissions, and the impacts of environmental factors on emissions. With a comprehensive understanding spanning emission characteristics and toxicology, it is possible to develop effective strategies to maintain indoor VOC concentrations below a safe threshold.},
keywords = {Building materials, Emissions, Formaldehyde, Modeling, testing, toxicology, Volatile organic compounds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Abstract:
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important class of indoor air pollutants; with indoor concentrations generally higher than outdoors. Formaldehyde is a priority VOC because of its frequent occurrence in indoor air and the serious health outcomes resulting from exposure. Taking formaldehyde as a representative VOC, this chapter reviews the knowledge necessary to develop solutions to indoor VOC pollution. The toxicology of formaldehyde is briefly reviewed. Then the current understanding of VOC emission behavior is discussed, including experimental techniques for measuring emissions, modeling approaches for predicting emissions, and the impacts of environmental factors on emissions. With a comprehensive understanding spanning emission characteristics and toxicology, it is possible to develop effective strategies to maintain indoor VOC concentrations below a safe threshold. |
Salem, Mohamed Z M; Böhm, Martin; Srba, Jaromír; Beránková, Jitka Evaluation of formaldehyde emission from different types of wood-based panels and flooring materials using different standard test methods Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 49, pp. 86 - 96, 2012, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{SALEM201286,
title = {Evaluation of formaldehyde emission from different types of wood-based panels and flooring materials using different standard test methods},
author = {Mohamed Z M Salem and Martin Böhm and Jaromír Srba and Jitka Beránková},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132311002897},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.09.011},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {49},
pages = {86 - 96},
abstract = {In this study, formaldehyde emission (FE) and content (FC) from different types of wood-based panels mainly; particleboard (PB), medium and high density fiberboard (MDF and HDF) and plywood (PLW) and flooring materials [HDF laminate, solid wood, solid bamboo and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)] were measured using different test methods namely; European small-scale chamber (EN 717-1), gas analysis (EN 717-2), the American small-scale chamber (ASTM D 6007-02), and the perforator (EN 120) methods. FE was affected with high significance by board type and thickness of PB (P < 0.0001), but there was no significant effect from the moisture content (MC %) of PB (P = 0.94) and PLW (P = 0.195). The corrected FC values measured EN 120 were declined when the MC % decreased. Furthermore, the liberation of formaldehyde was enhanced by the process of painting when 200 g/m2 oil-based paint was applied for MDF and HDF. There was a strong positive correlation among the four test methods (R2 values ranged between 0.88 and 0.94) concerning the formaldehyde values from PB-16 mm, and approximately the same indication of formaldehyde values, as well as similar behavior, were seen for each method. Moreover, the results indicate surprisingly that there was a good correlation between EN 120 and ASTM D 6007-02, with R2 values of 0.93. The measurements of FE from flooring panels were ranged between 0.003 and 0.125 mg/m3 and the PVC flooring with UV-curable layer only had emissions ranged between 0.003 and 0.008 mg/m3 as measured by EN 717-1. Values of the emittable formaldehyde concentrations from most of the products investigated in the present study were below the limits that are mandatory in the Czech Republic.},
keywords = {Flooring panels, Formaldehyde content, Formaldehyde emission, Formaldehyde test methods, Wood-based panels},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In this study, formaldehyde emission (FE) and content (FC) from different types of wood-based panels mainly; particleboard (PB), medium and high density fiberboard (MDF and HDF) and plywood (PLW) and flooring materials [HDF laminate, solid wood, solid bamboo and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)] were measured using different test methods namely; European small-scale chamber (EN 717-1), gas analysis (EN 717-2), the American small-scale chamber (ASTM D 6007-02), and the perforator (EN 120) methods. FE was affected with high significance by board type and thickness of PB (P < 0.0001), but there was no significant effect from the moisture content (MC %) of PB (P = 0.94) and PLW (P = 0.195). The corrected FC values measured EN 120 were declined when the MC % decreased. Furthermore, the liberation of formaldehyde was enhanced by the process of painting when 200 g/m2 oil-based paint was applied for MDF and HDF. There was a strong positive correlation among the four test methods (R2 values ranged between 0.88 and 0.94) concerning the formaldehyde values from PB-16 mm, and approximately the same indication of formaldehyde values, as well as similar behavior, were seen for each method. Moreover, the results indicate surprisingly that there was a good correlation between EN 120 and ASTM D 6007-02, with R2 values of 0.93. The measurements of FE from flooring panels were ranged between 0.003 and 0.125 mg/m3 and the PVC flooring with UV-curable layer only had emissions ranged between 0.003 and 0.008 mg/m3 as measured by EN 717-1. Values of the emittable formaldehyde concentrations from most of the products investigated in the present study were below the limits that are mandatory in the Czech Republic. |
Shin, Seung H; Jo, Wan K Volatile organic compound concentrations, emission rates, and source apportionment in newly-built apartments at pre-occupancy stage Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 569 - 578, 2012, ISSN: 0045-6535. @article{SHIN2012569,
title = {Volatile organic compound concentrations, emission rates, and source apportionment in newly-built apartments at pre-occupancy stage},
author = {Seung H Shin and Wan K Jo},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653512006753},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.054},
issn = {0045-6535},
year = {2012},
date = {2012-01-01},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {89},
number = {5},
pages = {569 - 578},
abstract = {The present study investigated the indoor concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde and their indoor emission characteristics in newly-built apartments at the pre-occupancy stage. In total, 107 apartments were surveyed for indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations in two metropolitan cities and one rural area in Korea. A mass balanced model was used to estimate surface area-specific emission rates of individual VOCs and formaldehyde. Seven (benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, n-hexane, and n-heptane) of 40 target compounds were detectable in all indoor air samples, whereas the first five were detected in all outdoor air samples. Formaldehyde was also predominant in the indoor air samples, with a high detection frequency of 96%. The indoor concentrations were significantly higher than the outdoor concentrations for aromatics, alcohols, terpenes, and ketones. However, six halogenated VOCs exhibited similar concentrations for indoor and outdoor air samples, suggesting that they are not major components emitted from building materials. It was also suggested that a certain portion of the apartments surveyed were constructed by not following the Korean Ministry of Environment guidelines for formaldehyde emissions. Toluene exhibited the highest emission rate with a median value of 138μgm−2h−1. The target compounds with median emission rates greater than 20μgm−2h−1 were toluene, 1-propanol, formaldehyde, and 2-butanone. The wood panels/vinyl floor coverings were the largest indoor pollutant source, followed by floorings, wall coverings, adhesives, and paints. The wood panels/vinyl floor coverings contributed nearly three times more to indoor VOC concentrations than paints.},
keywords = {Building materials, Emission characterization, New apartments, Pre-occupancy, Source contribution},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The present study investigated the indoor concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and formaldehyde and their indoor emission characteristics in newly-built apartments at the pre-occupancy stage. In total, 107 apartments were surveyed for indoor and outdoor VOC concentrations in two metropolitan cities and one rural area in Korea. A mass balanced model was used to estimate surface area-specific emission rates of individual VOCs and formaldehyde. Seven (benzene, ethyl benzene, toluene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, n-hexane, and n-heptane) of 40 target compounds were detectable in all indoor air samples, whereas the first five were detected in all outdoor air samples. Formaldehyde was also predominant in the indoor air samples, with a high detection frequency of 96%. The indoor concentrations were significantly higher than the outdoor concentrations for aromatics, alcohols, terpenes, and ketones. However, six halogenated VOCs exhibited similar concentrations for indoor and outdoor air samples, suggesting that they are not major components emitted from building materials. It was also suggested that a certain portion of the apartments surveyed were constructed by not following the Korean Ministry of Environment guidelines for formaldehyde emissions. Toluene exhibited the highest emission rate with a median value of 138μgm−2h−1. The target compounds with median emission rates greater than 20μgm−2h−1 were toluene, 1-propanol, formaldehyde, and 2-butanone. The wood panels/vinyl floor coverings were the largest indoor pollutant source, followed by floorings, wall coverings, adhesives, and paints. The wood panels/vinyl floor coverings contributed nearly three times more to indoor VOC concentrations than paints. |
2011
|
Min, Jingchun; Hu, Teng; Song, Yaozu Experimental and numerical investigations of moisture permeation through membranes Journal Article In: Journal of Membrane Science, vol. 367, no. 1, pp. 174 - 181, 2011, ISSN: 0376-7388. @article{MIN2011174,
title = {Experimental and numerical investigations of moisture permeation through membranes},
author = {Jingchun Min and Teng Hu and Yaozu Song},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738810008471},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2010.10.064},
issn = {0376-7388},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Membrane Science},
volume = {367},
number = {1},
pages = {174 - 181},
abstract = {Experimental and numerical combined studies were carried out to investigate the effects of membrane properties and operating condition on water vapor (moisture) permeation through membranes. Experiments were conducted with water vapor transferring from a highly to a less humid air across membrane due to the water vapor concentration difference between the two sides of membrane, and numerical simulations were performed to simulate such process. The transmembrane moisture transfer was characterized using the moisture transfer resistance through membrane as well as the total moisture resistance, which include the membrane resistance and the boundary layer resistance on the two sides of membrane. The uniqueness of this research was a systematic examination of the effects of various membrane parameters and operating condition on the moisture permeation through membranes by combining the experiments and simulations. Tests were done on two membranes including the PVDF and PES membranes. The moisture diffusivities in these membranes were determined by comparing the experimental and numerical total moisture resistances. The results show that the moisture diffusivities in the PVDF and PES membranes are in the order of 10−6kgm−1s−1, with the PVDF yielding a larger diffusivity than the PES membrane. The moisture diffusivity in membrane, the maximum water uptake of membrane, and the sorption constant of membrane all have significant effects on the membrane resistance, with a high diffusivity, a large water uptake, and a proper sorption constant leading to a small membrane resistance, while the effects of the air entering humidity and airflow rate on the membrane resistance are dependent on the sorption constant. These results may help for the selection of the membrane materials.},
keywords = {Experiment, Membrane dehumidification, Membrane parameter, Moisture transfer, Numerical simulation},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Experimental and numerical combined studies were carried out to investigate the effects of membrane properties and operating condition on water vapor (moisture) permeation through membranes. Experiments were conducted with water vapor transferring from a highly to a less humid air across membrane due to the water vapor concentration difference between the two sides of membrane, and numerical simulations were performed to simulate such process. The transmembrane moisture transfer was characterized using the moisture transfer resistance through membrane as well as the total moisture resistance, which include the membrane resistance and the boundary layer resistance on the two sides of membrane. The uniqueness of this research was a systematic examination of the effects of various membrane parameters and operating condition on the moisture permeation through membranes by combining the experiments and simulations. Tests were done on two membranes including the PVDF and PES membranes. The moisture diffusivities in these membranes were determined by comparing the experimental and numerical total moisture resistances. The results show that the moisture diffusivities in the PVDF and PES membranes are in the order of 10−6kgm−1s−1, with the PVDF yielding a larger diffusivity than the PES membrane. The moisture diffusivity in membrane, the maximum water uptake of membrane, and the sorption constant of membrane all have significant effects on the membrane resistance, with a high diffusivity, a large water uptake, and a proper sorption constant leading to a small membrane resistance, while the effects of the air entering humidity and airflow rate on the membrane resistance are dependent on the sorption constant. These results may help for the selection of the membrane materials. |
Schossler, Patrícia; Schripp, Tobias; Salthammer, Tunga; Bahadir, Müfit Beyond phthalates: Gas phase concentrations and modeled gas/particle distribution of modern plasticizers Journal Article In: Science of The Total Environment, vol. 409, no. 19, pp. 4031 - 4038, 2011, ISSN: 0048-9697. @article{SCHOSSLER20114031,
title = {Beyond phthalates: Gas phase concentrations and modeled gas/particle distribution of modern plasticizers},
author = {Patrícia Schossler and Tobias Schripp and Tunga Salthammer and Müfit Bahadir},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969711006334},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.012},
issn = {0048-9697},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Science of The Total Environment},
volume = {409},
number = {19},
pages = {4031 - 4038},
abstract = {The ongoing health debate about polymer plasticizers based on the esters of phthalic acid, especially di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), has caused a trend towards using phthalates of lower volatility such as diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and towards other acid esters, such as adipates, terephthalates, citrates, etc. Probably the most important of these so-called “alternative” plasticizers is diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). In the indoor environment, the continuously growing market share of this compound since its launch in 2002 is inter alia apparent from the increasing concentration of DINCH in settled house dust. From the epidemiological point of view there is considerable interest in identifying how semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) distribute in the indoor environment, especially in air, airborne particles and sedimented house dust. This, however, requires reliable experimental concentration data for the different media and good measurements or estimates of their physical and chemical properties. This paper reports on air concentrations for DINP, DINCH, diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diisobutyl adipate (DIBA), diisobutyl succinate (DIBS) and diisobutyl glutarate (DIBG) from emission studies in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). For DINP and DINCH it took about 50days to reach the steady-state value: for four months no decay in the concentration could be observed. Moreover, vapor pressures p0 and octanol–air partitioning coefficients KOA were obtained for 37 phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers from two different algorithms: EPI Suite and SPARC. It is shown that calculated gas/particle partition coefficients Kp and fractions can widely differ due to the uncertainty in the predicted p0 and KOA values. For most of the investigated compounds reliable experimental vapor pressures are not available. Rough estimates can be obtained from the measured emission rate of the pure compound in a microchamber as is shown for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA), tri(octyl) trimellitate (TOTM) and DEHP.},
keywords = {DINCH, DINP, Gas–particle partitioning, Octanol–air partition coefficient, Plasticizers, Vapor pressure},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The ongoing health debate about polymer plasticizers based on the esters of phthalic acid, especially di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), has caused a trend towards using phthalates of lower volatility such as diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and towards other acid esters, such as adipates, terephthalates, citrates, etc. Probably the most important of these so-called “alternative” plasticizers is diisononyl cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylate (DINCH). In the indoor environment, the continuously growing market share of this compound since its launch in 2002 is inter alia apparent from the increasing concentration of DINCH in settled house dust. From the epidemiological point of view there is considerable interest in identifying how semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) distribute in the indoor environment, especially in air, airborne particles and sedimented house dust. This, however, requires reliable experimental concentration data for the different media and good measurements or estimates of their physical and chemical properties. This paper reports on air concentrations for DINP, DINCH, diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), diisobutyl adipate (DIBA), diisobutyl succinate (DIBS) and diisobutyl glutarate (DIBG) from emission studies in the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). For DINP and DINCH it took about 50days to reach the steady-state value: for four months no decay in the concentration could be observed. Moreover, vapor pressures p0 and octanol–air partitioning coefficients KOA were obtained for 37 phthalate and non-phthalate plasticizers from two different algorithms: EPI Suite and SPARC. It is shown that calculated gas/particle partition coefficients Kp and fractions can widely differ due to the uncertainty in the predicted p0 and KOA values. For most of the investigated compounds reliable experimental vapor pressures are not available. Rough estimates can be obtained from the measured emission rate of the pure compound in a microchamber as is shown for di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate(DEHA), tri(octyl) trimellitate (TOTM) and DEHP. |
Reponen, T Methodologies for Assessing Bioaerosol Exposures Book Section In: Nriagu, J O (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, pp. 722 - 730, Elsevier, Burlington, 2011, ISBN: 978-0-444-52272-6. @incollection{REPONEN2011722,
title = {Methodologies for Assessing Bioaerosol Exposures},
author = {T Reponen},
editor = {J O Nriagu},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726004128},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.00412-8},
isbn = {978-0-444-52272-6},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Environmental Health},
pages = {722 - 730},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Burlington},
abstract = {Bioaerosols include viruses, bacteria, fungi, pollen, and their fragments as well as animal allergens. Bioaerosol exposure is common in indoor and outdoor environments and may cause infections, allergies, irritation, and toxic effects. The size of biological particles varies widely, from nanoscale (virions and microbial fragments) to approximately 100μm (pollen grains). The same physical principles that are applied to nonbiological particles can be applied to bioaerosol sampling in terms of sampling efficiency of a given particle size range. When sampling bioaerosols for exposure assessment purposes, one has to consider what biological property would be the most relevant measure for the health effect in question. Cultivation and microscopic counting are traditional analytical methods, but recently several new methods are emerging that are based on chemical, biological, or immunochemical analysis of bioaerosol components. Data interpretation is based on comparisons of results in target and reference areas or populations. When comparing data with previously published values, only results that are obtained using the same methodology should be directly compared.},
keywords = {Allergens, Bacteria, Bioaerosol, Fungi, Viruses},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
Bioaerosols include viruses, bacteria, fungi, pollen, and their fragments as well as animal allergens. Bioaerosol exposure is common in indoor and outdoor environments and may cause infections, allergies, irritation, and toxic effects. The size of biological particles varies widely, from nanoscale (virions and microbial fragments) to approximately 100μm (pollen grains). The same physical principles that are applied to nonbiological particles can be applied to bioaerosol sampling in terms of sampling efficiency of a given particle size range. When sampling bioaerosols for exposure assessment purposes, one has to consider what biological property would be the most relevant measure for the health effect in question. Cultivation and microscopic counting are traditional analytical methods, but recently several new methods are emerging that are based on chemical, biological, or immunochemical analysis of bioaerosol components. Data interpretation is based on comparisons of results in target and reference areas or populations. When comparing data with previously published values, only results that are obtained using the same methodology should be directly compared. |
Wang, Rong; Zhu, Jiping; Rastan, Soheil; Haghighat, Fariborz Measuring chemical emissions from wet products—Development of a new measurement technique Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 192, no. 3, pp. 1026 - 1032, 2011, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{WANG20111026,
title = {Measuring chemical emissions from wet products—Development of a new measurement technique},
author = {Rong Wang and Jiping Zhu and Soheil Rastan and Fariborz Haghighat},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389411007667},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.004},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {192},
number = {3},
pages = {1026 - 1032},
abstract = {A new approach for estimating chemical emissions from wet products has been developed. The concept of such approach is that emission rates can be estimated from the amount of target chemicals in the product as a function of evaporation time. Samples were placed under a laboratory fume hood under controlled conditions (surface air velocity and temperature). Weight losses of the product were monitored and residuals at different time intervals were chemically analyzed. Emission factors of the target chemicals were then calculated based on the weight losses and residual levels of the chemicals. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, two wet products with very different physical characteristics, one liquid and one paste-like viscous fluid, were chosen. Emissions of two principle chemicals in the products, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were measured. The influences of initial sample weight, surface air velocity, and temperature were investigated. The calculated emission profiles were compared with those obtained from the chamber method. The described approach could be used as an alternative screening method for emission tests of wet products, especially for compounds with low vapour pressure when sink effect poses serious challenge in traditional chamber-based emission tests.},
keywords = {Emission, Measurement techniques, Test chamber, Weigh loss, Wet products},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
A new approach for estimating chemical emissions from wet products has been developed. The concept of such approach is that emission rates can be estimated from the amount of target chemicals in the product as a function of evaporation time. Samples were placed under a laboratory fume hood under controlled conditions (surface air velocity and temperature). Weight losses of the product were monitored and residuals at different time intervals were chemically analyzed. Emission factors of the target chemicals were then calculated based on the weight losses and residual levels of the chemicals. To demonstrate the applicability of this approach, two wet products with very different physical characteristics, one liquid and one paste-like viscous fluid, were chosen. Emissions of two principle chemicals in the products, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane (D6) were measured. The influences of initial sample weight, surface air velocity, and temperature were investigated. The calculated emission profiles were compared with those obtained from the chamber method. The described approach could be used as an alternative screening method for emission tests of wet products, especially for compounds with low vapour pressure when sink effect poses serious challenge in traditional chamber-based emission tests. |
An, Jae-Yoon; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 44 - 51, 2011, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{AN201144,
title = {Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition},
author = {Jae-Yoon An and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389410011027},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.08.086},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {187},
number = {1},
pages = {44 - 51},
abstract = {Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32°C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.},
keywords = {Air circulation system, Floor heating system, Formaldehyde, Laminate flooring, VOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde was measured with a desiccator, a 20L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32°C using the desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate. |
Kim, Ki-Wook; Lee, Byoung-Ho; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong; Yun, Ju-Ho; Yoo, Seung-Eul; Sohn, Jong Ryeul Reduction of VOC emission from natural flours filled biodegradable bio-composites for automobile interior Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 187, no. 1, pp. 37 - 43, 2011, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{KIM201137,
title = {Reduction of VOC emission from natural flours filled biodegradable bio-composites for automobile interior},
author = {Ki-Wook Kim and Byoung-Ho Lee and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim and Ju-Ho Yun and Seung-Eul Yoo and Jong Ryeul Sohn},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438941000960X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.075},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {187},
number = {1},
pages = {37 - 43},
abstract = {Various experiments, such as the thermal extract (TE) method, field and emission cell (FLEC) method and 20L small chamber, were performed to examine the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from bio-composites. The TVOC of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was ranged from 0.26mg/m2h to 4.11mg/m2h with increasing temperature. For both PLA bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour, the temperature increased from 0.30mg/m2h to 3.72mg/m2h and from 0.19mg/m2h to 8.74mg/m2h, respectively. The TVOC emission factors of all samples increased gradually with increasing temperature. Above 70°C, both PLA-P and PLA-C composites had higher TVOC emission factors than neat PLA due to the rapid emission of natural volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as furfural (2-furancarboxyaldehyde). PLA composites containing 30wt% flour had high 1,4-dioxane reduction ability, >50%. The TVOC of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was emitted rapidly from 50°C to 90°C due to succinic acid from the pyrolysis of PBS. The TVOC emission factors of PLA bio-composite and PBS bio-composites were reduced using the bake-out method (temperature at 70°C and baking time 5h). The initial TVOC emission factors of the PLA and PBS bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour were reduced by the baking treatment using FLEC. The TVOC factors from PLA and PBS decreased until 5 days and were commonly maintained a relatively constant value after 5 days using 20L small chamber. The decrease in TVOC emission showed a similar trend to that of the TE and FLEC method. This method confirmed the beneficial effect of the baking treatment effect for polypropylene and linear density polyethylene (LDPE).},
keywords = {20L small chamber, Automobile interior, Biodegradable polymer, Field and laboratory emission cell, Thermo-extractor, Volatile organic compounds},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Various experiments, such as the thermal extract (TE) method, field and emission cell (FLEC) method and 20L small chamber, were performed to examine the total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emissions from bio-composites. The TVOC of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was ranged from 0.26mg/m2h to 4.11mg/m2h with increasing temperature. For both PLA bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour, the temperature increased from 0.30mg/m2h to 3.72mg/m2h and from 0.19mg/m2h to 8.74mg/m2h, respectively. The TVOC emission factors of all samples increased gradually with increasing temperature. Above 70°C, both PLA-P and PLA-C composites had higher TVOC emission factors than neat PLA due to the rapid emission of natural volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as furfural (2-furancarboxyaldehyde). PLA composites containing 30wt% flour had high 1,4-dioxane reduction ability, >50%. The TVOC of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) was emitted rapidly from 50°C to 90°C due to succinic acid from the pyrolysis of PBS. The TVOC emission factors of PLA bio-composite and PBS bio-composites were reduced using the bake-out method (temperature at 70°C and baking time 5h). The initial TVOC emission factors of the PLA and PBS bio-composites with pineapple flour and destarched cassava flour were reduced by the baking treatment using FLEC. The TVOC factors from PLA and PBS decreased until 5 days and were commonly maintained a relatively constant value after 5 days using 20L small chamber. The decrease in TVOC emission showed a similar trend to that of the TE and FLEC method. This method confirmed the beneficial effect of the baking treatment effect for polypropylene and linear density polyethylene (LDPE). |
Ham, Jason E; Wells, Raymond J Surface chemistry of a pine-oil cleaner and other terpene mixtures with ozone on vinyl flooring tiles Journal Article In: Chemosphere, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 327 - 333, 2011, ISSN: 0045-6535. @article{HAM2011327,
title = {Surface chemistry of a pine-oil cleaner and other terpene mixtures with ozone on vinyl flooring tiles},
author = {Jason E Ham and Raymond J Wells},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653510014414},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.12.036},
issn = {0045-6535},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
journal = {Chemosphere},
volume = {83},
number = {3},
pages = {327 - 333},
abstract = {Indoor environments are dynamic reactors where consumer products (such as cleaning agents, deodorants, and air fresheners) emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can subsequently interact with indoor oxidants such as ozone (O3), hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals. Typically, consumer products consist of mixtures of VOCs and semi-VOCs which can react in the gas-phase or on surfaces with these oxidants to generate a variety of oxygenated products. In this study, the reaction of a pine-oil cleaner (POC) with O3 (100ppb) on a urethane-coated vinyl flooring tile was investigated at 5% and 50% relative humidity. These results were compared to previous α-terpineol+O3 reactions on glass and vinyl surfaces. Additionally, other terpene and terpene alcohol mixtures were formulated to understand the emission profiles as seen in the POC data. Results showed that the α-terpineol+O3 reaction products were the prominent species that were also observed in the POC/O3 surface experiments. Furthermore, α-terpineol+O3 reactions generate the largest fraction of oxygenated products even in equal mixtures of other terpene alcohols. This finding suggests that the judicial choice of terpene alcohols for inclusion in product formulations may be useful in reducing oxidation product emissions.},
keywords = {Ozone, Pine oil, Reaction products, Surface chemistry},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Indoor environments are dynamic reactors where consumer products (such as cleaning agents, deodorants, and air fresheners) emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can subsequently interact with indoor oxidants such as ozone (O3), hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals. Typically, consumer products consist of mixtures of VOCs and semi-VOCs which can react in the gas-phase or on surfaces with these oxidants to generate a variety of oxygenated products. In this study, the reaction of a pine-oil cleaner (POC) with O3 (100ppb) on a urethane-coated vinyl flooring tile was investigated at 5% and 50% relative humidity. These results were compared to previous α-terpineol+O3 reactions on glass and vinyl surfaces. Additionally, other terpene and terpene alcohol mixtures were formulated to understand the emission profiles as seen in the POC data. Results showed that the α-terpineol+O3 reaction products were the prominent species that were also observed in the POC/O3 surface experiments. Furthermore, α-terpineol+O3 reactions generate the largest fraction of oxygenated products even in equal mixtures of other terpene alcohols. This finding suggests that the judicial choice of terpene alcohols for inclusion in product formulations may be useful in reducing oxidation product emissions. |
Nriagu, J O (Ed.) Subject Index Book Section In: Nriagu, J O (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, pp. 809 - 1079, Elsevier, Burlington, 2011, ISBN: 978-0-444-52272-6. @incollection{2011809,
title = {Subject Index},
editor = {J O Nriagu},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444522726090012},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52272-6.09001-2},
isbn = {978-0-444-52272-6},
year = {2011},
date = {2011-01-01},
booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Environmental Health},
pages = {809 - 1079},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Burlington},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {incollection}
}
|
2010
|
Zhang, Li-Zhi Heat and mass transfer in a quasi-counter flow membrane-based total heat exchanger Journal Article In: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 53, no. 23, pp. 5478 - 5486, 2010, ISSN: 0017-9310. @article{ZHANG20105478,
title = {Heat and mass transfer in a quasi-counter flow membrane-based total heat exchanger},
author = {Li-Zhi Zhang},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0017931010003765},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.07.009},
issn = {0017-9310},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer},
volume = {53},
number = {23},
pages = {5478 - 5486},
abstract = {Membrane-based total heat exchangers (or energy recovery ventilators) are the key equipments to fresh air ventilation, which is helpful for the control of respiratory diseases like Swine flu and SARs. Cross flow has been the predominant flow arrangement for these equipments. However performances are limited with this arrangement. A counter flow arrangement is the best. In this research, a quasi-counter flow parallel-plates total heat exchanger is constructed and investigated. A detailed mathematical modeling is conducted and the model is experimentally verified. The temperature and humidity values on membrane surfaces, and in the fluids are solved as a conjugate problem. The fluid flow, heat and mass transport equations in the entry regions are solved directly. The mean Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and the sensible and latent effectiveness of the exchanger are calculated. It is found that the effectiveness of the current arrangement lie between those for cross flow and those for counter flow arrangements. The results also found that the flow can be divided distinctly into three zones: two cross-like zones and a pure-counter flow zone. The less the cross-like zones are, the larger the pure-counter flow zone is, and the greater the effectiveness is. The study also provides a solution of modeling mass transfer with FLUENT software from heat mass analogy.},
keywords = {CFD modeling, Conjugate heat transfer, Conjugate mass transfer, Membrane, Quasi-counter flow},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Membrane-based total heat exchangers (or energy recovery ventilators) are the key equipments to fresh air ventilation, which is helpful for the control of respiratory diseases like Swine flu and SARs. Cross flow has been the predominant flow arrangement for these equipments. However performances are limited with this arrangement. A counter flow arrangement is the best. In this research, a quasi-counter flow parallel-plates total heat exchanger is constructed and investigated. A detailed mathematical modeling is conducted and the model is experimentally verified. The temperature and humidity values on membrane surfaces, and in the fluids are solved as a conjugate problem. The fluid flow, heat and mass transport equations in the entry regions are solved directly. The mean Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, and the sensible and latent effectiveness of the exchanger are calculated. It is found that the effectiveness of the current arrangement lie between those for cross flow and those for counter flow arrangements. The results also found that the flow can be divided distinctly into three zones: two cross-like zones and a pure-counter flow zone. The less the cross-like zones are, the larger the pure-counter flow zone is, and the greater the effectiveness is. The study also provides a solution of modeling mass transfer with FLUENT software from heat mass analogy. |
Kim, Ki-Wook; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong; Park, Jin Chul Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20L chamber and FLEC Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 177, no. 1, pp. 90 - 94, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{KIM201090,
title = {Formaldehyde and TVOC emission behaviors according to finishing treatment with surface materials using 20L chamber and FLEC},
author = {Ki-Wook Kim and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim and Jin Chul Park},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409015210},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.060},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {177},
number = {1},
pages = {90 - 94},
abstract = {Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF.},
keywords = {Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), Formaldehyde, Small chamber, Surface materials, Total volatile organic compound},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde and TVOC are emitted from wood-based panels that are made using wood particles, wood fiber, wood chips and formaldehyde-based resins. This study examined the formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior of medium density fiberboard (MDF) overlaid with three types of uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials (oak decorative veneer, low pressure melamine impregnated paper and high pressure melamine impregnated paper) and four types of coated surface materials (coated paper, two types of finishing foils, and PVC) using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC) method and a 20L small chamber method. The uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials exhibited lower formaldehyde and TVOC emission levels. The coated surface materials did not show reduced TVOC emissions but the formaldehyde emission was reduced in the 20L small chamber test. In the FLEC test, both the uncoated lignocellulosic surface materials and coated surface materials showed lower TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from MDF. |
Missia, Dafni A; Demetriou, E; Michael, N; Tolis, E I; Bartzis, J G Indoor exposure from building materials: A field study Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 44, no. 35, pp. 4388 - 4395, 2010, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{MISSIA20104388,
title = {Indoor exposure from building materials: A field study},
author = {Dafni A Missia and E Demetriou and N Michael and E I Tolis and J G Bartzis},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231010006291},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.07.049},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {44},
number = {35},
pages = {4388 - 4395},
abstract = {The present study has been conducted in the frame of BUMA (Prioritization of Building Materials Emissions as indoor pollution sources), a European funded project, aiming at assessing the exposure to emitted compounds in indoor air. Field campaigns in five (5) European cities (Milan, Copenhagen, Dublin, Athens and Nicosia) were carried out. These campaigns covered weekly winter and summer concentration measurements in two (2) public buildings and two (2) private houses in each city. BTEX, terpenes, and carbonyls were measured using passive sampling in two sites inside the building and one outside. VOC emission measurements on selected building material have also been performed using Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The results on indoor concentrations for compounds such as formaldehyde (1.2–62.6μgm−3), acetaldehyde (0.7–41.6μgm−3), toluene (0.9–163.5μgm−3), xylenes (0.2–177.5μgm−3) and acetone (2.8–308.8μgm−3) have shown diversity and relatively significant indoor sources depending on the building type, age etc. Indoor concentrations of these substances are varied depending on the building age and type. The percentage of approximately 40% of the indoor air quality levels originated from building materials.},
keywords = {Building materials emissions, Field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), Indoor air quality (IAQ), Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The present study has been conducted in the frame of BUMA (Prioritization of Building Materials Emissions as indoor pollution sources), a European funded project, aiming at assessing the exposure to emitted compounds in indoor air. Field campaigns in five (5) European cities (Milan, Copenhagen, Dublin, Athens and Nicosia) were carried out. These campaigns covered weekly winter and summer concentration measurements in two (2) public buildings and two (2) private houses in each city. BTEX, terpenes, and carbonyls were measured using passive sampling in two sites inside the building and one outside. VOC emission measurements on selected building material have also been performed using Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The results on indoor concentrations for compounds such as formaldehyde (1.2–62.6μgm−3), acetaldehyde (0.7–41.6μgm−3), toluene (0.9–163.5μgm−3), xylenes (0.2–177.5μgm−3) and acetone (2.8–308.8μgm−3) have shown diversity and relatively significant indoor sources depending on the building type, age etc. Indoor concentrations of these substances are varied depending on the building age and type. The percentage of approximately 40% of the indoor air quality levels originated from building materials. |
Kim, Sumin Control of formaldehyde and TVOC emission from wood-based flooring composites at various manufacturing processes by surface finishing Journal Article In: Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 176, no. 1, pp. 14 - 19, 2010, ISSN: 0304-3894. @article{KIM201014,
title = {Control of formaldehyde and TVOC emission from wood-based flooring composites at various manufacturing processes by surface finishing},
author = {Sumin Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409005159},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.113},
issn = {0304-3894},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Journal of Hazardous Materials},
volume = {176},
number = {1},
pages = {14 - 19},
abstract = {This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior from wood flooring composites bonded by urea–formaldehyde resin at various manufacturing steps for surface finishing materials. The surface adhesion step of laminate flooring for this research was divided into two steps; HDF only and HDF with LPMs. In the case of engineered flooring, the manufacturing steps were divided into three steps; plywood only, fancy veneer bonded on plywood and UV coated on fancy veneer with plywood. Formaldehyde and VOCs emission decreased at the process of final surface finishing materials; LPMs were applied on the surface of HDF for laminate flooring. Although emissions increased when fancy veneer was bonded onto plywood in the case of engineered flooring, emission was dramatically reduced up to similar level with plywood only when final surface finishing; UV-curable coating was applied on fancy veneer. This study suggests that formaldehyde and VOCs emission from floorings can be controlled at manufacturing steps for surface finishing.},
keywords = {Engineered flooring, FLEC, Formaldehyde, Laminate flooring, VOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emission behavior from wood flooring composites bonded by urea–formaldehyde resin at various manufacturing steps for surface finishing materials. The surface adhesion step of laminate flooring for this research was divided into two steps; HDF only and HDF with LPMs. In the case of engineered flooring, the manufacturing steps were divided into three steps; plywood only, fancy veneer bonded on plywood and UV coated on fancy veneer with plywood. Formaldehyde and VOCs emission decreased at the process of final surface finishing materials; LPMs were applied on the surface of HDF for laminate flooring. Although emissions increased when fancy veneer was bonded onto plywood in the case of engineered flooring, emission was dramatically reduced up to similar level with plywood only when final surface finishing; UV-curable coating was applied on fancy veneer. This study suggests that formaldehyde and VOCs emission from floorings can be controlled at manufacturing steps for surface finishing. |
Clausen, Per Axel; Liu, Zhe; Xu, Ying; Kofoed-Sørensen, Vivi; Little, John C Influence of air flow rate on emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring in the emission cell FLEC: Measurements and CFD simulation Journal Article In: Atmospheric Environment, vol. 44, no. 23, pp. 2760 - 2766, 2010, ISSN: 1352-2310. @article{CLAUSEN20102760,
title = {Influence of air flow rate on emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring in the emission cell FLEC: Measurements and CFD simulation},
author = {Per Axel Clausen and Zhe Liu and Ying Xu and Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen and John C Little},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135223101000302X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.020},
issn = {1352-2310},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Atmospheric Environment},
volume = {44},
number = {23},
pages = {2760 - 2766},
abstract = {The emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from one type of vinyl flooring with ∼15% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer was measured at 22 °C in five FLECs + one blank FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell). Initially, the flow through all FLECs was 450 ml min−1. After 689 days the flows were changed to 1000 ml min−1, 1600 ml min−1, 2300 ml min−1, and 3000 ml min−1, respectively, in four FLECs, and kept at 450 ml min−1 in one FLEC. Air samples were collected from the effluent air at regular intervals. After 1190 days the experiments were terminated and the interior surfaces of all six FLECs were rinsed with methanol to estimate the internal surface concentrations of DEHP. The DEHP air concentration and specific emission rate (SER) at steady state was estimated for the five different flow rates. The steady-state concentrations decreased slightly with increasing air flow with only the two highest flow rates resulting in significantly lower concentrations. In contrast, the SERs increased significantly. Despite large variation, the internal surface concentrations appeared to decrease slightly with increasing FLEC flow. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations suggest that the interior gas and surface concentrations were roughly uniform for the low flow case (450 ml min−1), under which, the partitioning between the FLEC internal surface and chamber air was examined. Although paired t-tests showed no difference between CFD and experimental results for DEHP air concentrations and SERs at steady-state conditions, CFD indicated that the experimental DEHP surface concentrations in the FLECs were underestimated. In conclusion, the experiments showed that the emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring is subject to “external” control and that the SER is strongly and positively dependent on the air exchange rate. However, the increased SER almost compensates for the decrease in gas-phase concentration caused by the increased air exchange.},
keywords = {CFD, Chamber, DEHP, Emission, FLEC, PVC},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The emission of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) from one type of vinyl flooring with ∼15% (w/w) DEHP as plasticizer was measured at 22 °C in five FLECs + one blank FLEC (Field and Laboratory Emission Cell). Initially, the flow through all FLECs was 450 ml min−1. After 689 days the flows were changed to 1000 ml min−1, 1600 ml min−1, 2300 ml min−1, and 3000 ml min−1, respectively, in four FLECs, and kept at 450 ml min−1 in one FLEC. Air samples were collected from the effluent air at regular intervals. After 1190 days the experiments were terminated and the interior surfaces of all six FLECs were rinsed with methanol to estimate the internal surface concentrations of DEHP. The DEHP air concentration and specific emission rate (SER) at steady state was estimated for the five different flow rates. The steady-state concentrations decreased slightly with increasing air flow with only the two highest flow rates resulting in significantly lower concentrations. In contrast, the SERs increased significantly. Despite large variation, the internal surface concentrations appeared to decrease slightly with increasing FLEC flow. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations suggest that the interior gas and surface concentrations were roughly uniform for the low flow case (450 ml min−1), under which, the partitioning between the FLEC internal surface and chamber air was examined. Although paired t-tests showed no difference between CFD and experimental results for DEHP air concentrations and SERs at steady-state conditions, CFD indicated that the experimental DEHP surface concentrations in the FLECs were underestimated. In conclusion, the experiments showed that the emission of DEHP from vinyl flooring is subject to “external” control and that the SER is strongly and positively dependent on the air exchange rate. However, the increased SER almost compensates for the decrease in gas-phase concentration caused by the increased air exchange. |
An, Jae-Yoon; Kim, Sumin; Kim, Hyun-Joong; Seo, Janghoo Emission behavior of formaldehyde and TVOC from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems Journal Article In: Building and Environment, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 1826 - 1833, 2010, ISSN: 0360-1323. @article{AN20101826,
title = {Emission behavior of formaldehyde and TVOC from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems},
author = {Jae-Yoon An and Sumin Kim and Hyun-Joong Kim and Janghoo Seo},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132310000612},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.02.012},
issn = {0360-1323},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Building and Environment},
volume = {45},
number = {8},
pages = {1826 - 1833},
abstract = {Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the adhesive, flooring, and flooring with adhesive were measured using a desiccator, a 20-L chamber and a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Flooring with an adhesive is similar to that used in construction was applied to a floor heating system and an air circulation system, and the surface temperature of the flooring was set to 20 °C, 26 °C and 32 °C. The rate of formaldehyde emission from the flooring was the highest at 32 °C using a desiccator and decreased with time. The formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions from the samples using a 20-L chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. The VOCs emission trends with the 20-L chamber and FLEC were similar. The rate of formaldehyde and TVOC emission determined using FLEC was higher than that determined using the 20-L chamber method. The flooring emitted primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, as well as some unknown VOCs. There was a strong correlation between formaldehyde and TVOC emission for the 20-L chamber and FLEC. Samples using a floor heating system showed higher formaldehyde emission than those using an air circulation system. The level of TVOC emission was higher from the samples using an air circulation system than those using the floor heating system.},
keywords = {Air circulation system, Engineered flooring, Floor heating system, Formaldehyde, VOCs},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the adhesive, flooring, and flooring with adhesive were measured using a desiccator, a 20-L chamber and a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Flooring with an adhesive is similar to that used in construction was applied to a floor heating system and an air circulation system, and the surface temperature of the flooring was set to 20 °C, 26 °C and 32 °C. The rate of formaldehyde emission from the flooring was the highest at 32 °C using a desiccator and decreased with time. The formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions from the samples using a 20-L chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. The VOCs emission trends with the 20-L chamber and FLEC were similar. The rate of formaldehyde and TVOC emission determined using FLEC was higher than that determined using the 20-L chamber method. The flooring emitted primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, as well as some unknown VOCs. There was a strong correlation between formaldehyde and TVOC emission for the 20-L chamber and FLEC. Samples using a floor heating system showed higher formaldehyde emission than those using an air circulation system. The level of TVOC emission was higher from the samples using an air circulation system than those using the floor heating system. |
Kim, Sumin; Choi, Yoon-Ki; Park, Kyung-Won; Kim, Jeong Tai Test methods and reduction of organic pollutant compound emissions from wood-based building and furniture materials Journal Article In: Bioresource Technology, vol. 101, no. 16, pp. 6562 - 6568, 2010, ISSN: 0960-8524. @article{KIM20106562,
title = {Test methods and reduction of organic pollutant compound emissions from wood-based building and furniture materials},
author = {Sumin Kim and Yoon-Ki Choi and Kyung-Won Park and Jeong Tai Kim},
url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852410005365},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.03.059},
issn = {0960-8524},
year = {2010},
date = {2010-01-01},
journal = {Bioresource Technology},
volume = {101},
number = {16},
pages = {6562 - 6568},
abstract = {This paper reviews different methods for the analysis of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood-based panel materials for furniture and building interiors and highlights research on reduction of emission from wood-based panels that can adversely affect indoor air quality. In Korea, standard test methods have been developed to determine formaldehyde and VOC emissions from building products, and the Ministry of Environment regulates the use of building materials with pollutant emissions. Desiccator and perforator methods are being used for formaldehyde and the chamber and field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) methods for VOC and formaldehyde emissions. The VOC analyzer is a suitable pre-test method for application as a total VOC (TVOC) emission test and bake-out is a useful method to reduce TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from furniture materials in indoor environments.},
keywords = {Emission reduction, Environmental chamber test, Formaldehyde, VOCs, Wood-based panel},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This paper reviews different methods for the analysis of formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from wood-based panel materials for furniture and building interiors and highlights research on reduction of emission from wood-based panels that can adversely affect indoor air quality. In Korea, standard test methods have been developed to determine formaldehyde and VOC emissions from building products, and the Ministry of Environment regulates the use of building materials with pollutant emissions. Desiccator and perforator methods are being used for formaldehyde and the chamber and field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) methods for VOC and formaldehyde emissions. The VOC analyzer is a suitable pre-test method for application as a total VOC (TVOC) emission test and bake-out is a useful method to reduce TVOC and formaldehyde emissions from furniture materials in indoor environments. |
